Cover to an early edition sheet music by Thomas. D Rice, pictured here performing in black face at the Bowery Theatre, Manhattan, illustration by Edward Williams Clay, c. 1832
Song
Written
1828
Published
1832
Genre
Minstrel song, folk song, song and dance song
Songwriter(s)
Thomas D. Rice
"Jump Jim Crow", often shortened to just "Jim Crow", is a song and dance from 1828 that was done in blackface by white minstrel performer Thomas Dartmouth (T. D.) "Daddy" Rice. The song is speculated to have been taken from Jim Crow (sometimes called Jim Cuff or Uncle Joe), a physically disabled enslaved African-American, who is variously claimed to have lived in St. Louis, Cincinnati, or Pittsburgh.[1][2] The song became a 19th-century hit and Rice performed it all over the United States as "Daddy Pops Jim Crow".
"Jump Jim Crow" was a key initial step in a tradition of popular music in the United States that was based on the racist "imitation" of black people. The first song sheet edition appeared in the early 1830s, published by E. Riley. A couple of decades saw the mockery genre explode in popularity with the rise of the minstrel show.
"Abolitionists on both sides of the Atlantic seized upon this new format, including burnt-cork blackface, to promote the end of slavery."[3]
As originally printed, the song contained "floating verses", which appear in altered forms in other popular folk songs. The chorus of the song is closely related to the traditional Uncle Joe / Hop High Ladies; some folklorists consider "Jim Crow" and "Uncle Joe" to be a single, continuous family of songs.[4]
As a result of Rice's fame, the term Jim Crow had become a pejorative term for African Americans by 1838,[5][failed verification] and from this time onward, the laws of racial segregation became known as Jim Crow laws.
^"An Old Actor's Memories; What Mt. Edmon S. Conner Recalls About His Career" (PDF). The New York Times. June 5, 1881. p. 10. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
^Hutton, Michael (Jun–Dec 1889). "The Negro on the Stage". Harpers Magazine. 79. Harper's Magazine Co.: 131–145. Retrieved March 10, 2010., see pages 137-138
^"Exhibitions".
^"Alternative lyrics at Bluegrass Messengers". Retrieved 2023-03-23.
^Woodward, C.V.; McFeely, W.S. (2002). The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-514690-5. Retrieved 7 March 2024.[permanent dead link]
"JumpJimCrow", often shortened to just "JimCrow", is a song and dance from 1828 that was done in blackface by white minstrel performer Thomas Dartmouth...
The JimCrow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation...
boasts and nonsense in the vein of previous minstrel hits such as "JumpJimCrow" and "Gumbo Chaff." In exaggerated Black Vernacular English, the lyrics...
Every time I wheel about I jumpJimCrow. I wheel about and turn about an do just so, And every time I wheel about I jumpJimCrow. Rice traveled the U.S...
about and wheel about, and do just so. And every time I turn about I JumpJimCrow." The character Sambo was a stereotype of black men who were considered...
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the Hutchinson Family. The first extremely popular minstrel song was "JumpJimCrow" by Thomas "Daddy" Rice, which was first performed in 1832 and was a...
entertainment for the weekday ITV company Rediffusion London. Bregman wrote JumpJimCrow – a musical for the Royal Shakespeare Company – and moved into London-based...
established. White comedian Thomas D. Rice introduces blackface and the song "JumpJimCrow" to American audiences. Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English...
blackface song and dance "JumpJimCrow" by white comedian Thomas D. Rice. The great popularity of Rice's creation soon led to JimCrow becoming a pejorative...
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