The examples and perspective in this article are skewed towards a single field (Italian and German history) and do not represent a full view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.(February 2022)
Avviso from Antwerp dated 26 Dec 1663
In the early modern period of Europe (1500–1700), journalism originally consisted of handwritten newsletters used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently throughout the continent. They were often written anonymously and delivered through a complex system of couriers. They are divided into the Italian avvisi (Italian: [avˈviːzi]; singular: avviso) and the German contemporary equivalent Zeitungen (literally: newspapers).[1] From 1605 in Germany, and in the next decades in other European countries, the newsletters started to be printed as well. Because handwritten material was less subject to censorship and quicker to be produced,[2] handwritten newsletters continued to be produced in parallel with printed newspapers for all the 17th century, and sporadically also in the 18th century.[a]
^Molino, Paola (2016-10-01). "Connected News: German Zeitungen and Italian avvisi in the Fugger collection (1568–1604)". Media History. 22 (3–4): 267–295. doi:10.1080/13688804.2016.1235484. ISSN 1368-8804. S2CID 151706980.
^Infelise, Mario (1993). ""Europa". Una gazzetta manoscritta del '700". Non uno itinere : studi storici offerti dagli allievi a Federico Seneca (in Italian). Venezia: Stamperia di Venezia. pp. 221–239.
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