Global InformationJebel Akhdar War information
| Jebel Akhdar War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the decolonisation of Asia and the Arab Cold War | |||||||
 Nizwa Fort attacked by British Royal Air Force strike aircraft during Jebel Akhdar War | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Sultanate of Muscat United Kingdom |
 Imamate of OmanSupported by:  Republic of Egypt Saudi Arabia | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Said bin Taimur David Smiley Tony Drummond |
Ghalib al-Hinai Talib Alhinai Sulayman bin Himyar | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
107 SAF 123 MR 476 NFR 250 SAS 2 Scout Car troops 8 RM and RAF[1] Total: 1,000 |
300 rebels[2][1] Total: 1,000[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
1958 air campaigns: 1 pilot killed[3] 1959 offensive: 13 troops killed 57 wounded[2] |
1958 air campaigns: Several dozen killed or wounded[2] 1959 offensive 176 killed 57 wounded[4] | ||||||
| Total: 213–523+ killed[a] | |||||||
| History of Oman |
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 Oman portal |
The Jebel Akhdar War (Arabic: حرب الجبل الأخضر, romanized: Ḥarb al-Jebel el-ʾAkhḍar, lit. 'the Green Mountain War'),[5] also known as the Jebel Akhdar Rebellion[6] or the Oman War[7] (Arabic: حرب عمان, romanized: Ḥarb ʻumān), broke out in 1954 and again in 1957 in Oman, as an effort by the local Omanis in the interior of Oman led by their elected Imam, Ghalib al-Hinai, to protect the Imamate of Oman from the occupation plans of Said bin Taimur, sultan of Muscat and Oman, backed by the British government, who were eager to gain access to the oil wells in the interior lands of Oman.[8][1][9][10] Sultan Said received direct financing to raise an armed force to occupy the Imamate of Oman from Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC),[1][page needed][8][11] a consortium of oil companies that was majorly owned by what is known today as Royal Dutch Shell, Total, ExxonMobil and British Petroleum (BP);[12] the latter was majority-owned by the British government.[13]
The Imamate was eventually supported by Arab states. The war lasted until 1959, when the British armed forces decided to take on direct interventions using air and ground attacks on the Imamate, which won the Sultanate the war.[2][14][9][15][16] The declarations signed by the sultans of Muscat to consult the British government on all important matters,[17] the unequal trade treaties signed by the two sides favoring British interests,[18][19][20] the cessation of the Omani Kuria Muria islands to the British,[21] and the vast control over the Sultanate's government ministries, including defense and foreign affairs, exerted by the British rendered the Sultanate a de facto British colony.[22][8][23] The United Nations General Assembly adopted the 'Question of Oman' resolution in 1965, 1966 and again in 1967 that called upon the British government to cease all repressive action against the locals, end British control over Oman and reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Omani people to self-determination and independence.[24][25][26][27][excessive citations]
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
OmansInsurgencieswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f Dye (2008) pp18-33
- ^ Dye 2008, p. 26.
- ^ a b Dye 2008, p. 32.
- ^ a b c The Jebel Akhdar War Oman 1954–1959. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2012-04-12.
- ^ Mike Ryan (2 May 2003). Secret Operations of the SAS. Zenith Imprint. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-7603-1414-2. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ J. E. Peterson. Britain and 'the Oman War': An Arabian Entanglement Britain and 'the Oman War': An Arabian Entanglement. Pages 285-298. Published online: 06 August 2008.
- ^ a b c Dr Francis Owtram (11 December 2014). "A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman Since 1750". QDL..
- ^ a b Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman. A.C.Gallowey: File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman. British National Archives. Page 69. QDL.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ideawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Historical Summary of Events in the Persian Gulf Shaikhdoms and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, 1928-1953". Qatar Digital Library. British National Archive. 30 May 2014. p. 208.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
RLAwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "From Anglo-Persian Oil to BP Amoco". BBC News. 11 August 1998.
- ^ Searle, Pauline (2016). Dawn Over Oman. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 9781317242109. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
- ^ John Craven Wilkinson. John Craven Wilkinson: The Imamate Tradition of Oman Cambridge University Press. 02 April 2009.
- ^ British National Archives (2017), Oman 1957-9 (PDF), Mark Curtis.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
QDLMwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
HTSHC2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Treatywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Oman United Nations Digital Library. File A/5846. 22 January 1965. New York.
- ^ A Collection of Treaties and Engagements relating to the Persian Gulf Shaikhdoms and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman in force up to the End of 1953 26v (54/92). British National Archives. Page 54. QDL.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
GRwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
QoOwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
firstResAdwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
firstresolutiondetailswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "UN 2238 (XXI) Question of Oman" (PDF). worldlii. 1966. Resolutions adopted on the reports of the Fourth Committee p77
- ^ "1966 United Nations General Assembly Resolutions". WorldLII. World Legal Information Institute..
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