Type of integral of functions of multiple variables
In multivariable calculus, an iterated integral is the result of applying integrals to a function of more than one variable (for example or ) in such a way that each of the integrals considers some of the variables as given constants. For example, the function , if is considered a given parameter, can be integrated with respect to , . The result is a function of and therefore its integral can be considered. If this is done, the result is the iterated integral
It is key for the notion of iterated integrals that this is different, in principle, from the multiple integral
In general, although these two can be different, Fubini's theorem states that under specific conditions, they are equivalent.
The alternative notation for iterated integrals
is also used.
In the notation that uses parentheses, iterated integrals are computed following the operational order indicated by the parentheses starting from the most inner integral outside. In the alternative notation, writing , the innermost integrand is computed first.
for iteratedintegrals ∫ d y ∫ d x f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle \int dy\int dx\,f(x,y)} is also used. In the notation that uses parentheses, iterated integrals...
afterwards over y. But then the iteratedintegral of fyx − fxy on [a,b] × [c,d] must vanish. However, if the iteratedintegral of a continuous function function...
continuous), Fubini's theorem states that this integral can be expressed as an equivalent iteratedintegral ∫ a b [ ∫ c d f ( x , y ) d y ] d x . {\displaystyle...
{1}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{2}},x^{2}\right).} The iteratedintegrals of the complementary error function are defined by i n erfc z =...
Rosenbrock method, and methods based on different representations of iterated stochastic integrals. In physics, SDEs have wide applicability ranging from molecular...
hypotheses that the integral of a function over the region enclosed by a rectangular box can be written as the iteratedintegral over the level sets of...
follows from using Fubini's theorem (i.e., double integrals can be evaluated as iteratedintegrals in either order). Distributivity f ∗ ( g + h ) = (...
in probability theory known as the law of total expectation, the law of iterated expectations (LIE), Adam's law, the tower rule, and the smoothing theorem...
complicated, so it may not be feasible to reduce the problem to an iteratedintegral. 100 dimensions is by no means unusual, since in many physical problems...
improper integral is an extension of the notion of a definite integral to cases that violate the usual assumptions for that kind of integral. In the context...
double integral of the constant function 1 over the disk by reversing the order of integration and using a change of variables in the above iterated integral:...
Fubini's theorem guarantees that a multiple integral may be evaluated as a repeated integral or iteratedintegral as long as the integrand is continuous throughout...
a product may be computed as an iteratedintegral over the two factors in the product. This suggests that the integral of a differential form over a product...
of integrals) Antiderivative Fundamental theorem of calculus – a theorem of antiderivatives Multiple integralIteratedintegral Improper integral Cauchy...
infinitesimals", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus. The former concerns instantaneous rates of change, and the slopes...
definition of an iterated function on a set X follows. Let X be a set and f: X → X be a function. Defining f n as the n-th iterate of f (a notation introduced...
In multivariable calculus, an iterated limit is a limit of a sequence or a limit of a function in the form limm→∞limn→∞an,m=limm→∞(limn→∞an,m){\displaystyle...
elementary functions and their repeated integrals. Liouvillian functions can be recursively defined as integrals of other Liouvillian functions. More explicitly...
{g^{2}}{4f}}+h\right),} where f must be strictly positive for the integral to converge. The integral ∫−∞∞ae−(x−b)2/2c2dx{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty...
positive real part, the gamma function is defined via a convergent improper integral: Γ ( z ) = ∫ 0 ∞ t z − 1 e − t d t , ℜ ( z ) > 0 . {\displaystyle \Gamma...