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The Internet is accessible to the majority of the population in Egypt, whether via smartphones, internet cafes, or home connections. Broadband Internet access via VDSL is widely available. Under the rule of Hosni Mubarak, Internet censorship and surveillance were severe, culminating in a total shutdown of the Internet in Egypt during the 2011 Revolution.[1] Although Internet access was restored following Mubarak's order, government censorship and surveillance have increased since the 2013 coup d'état, leading the NGO Freedom House to downgrade Egypt's Internet freedom from "partly free" in 2011 to "not free" in 2015, which it has retained in subsequent reports including the most recent in 2021.[2][3] The el-Sisi regime has ramped up online censorship in Egypt.[4] The regime heavily censors online news websites, which has prompted the closure of many independent news outlets in Egypt.[4]
^Cite error: The named reference FH-Egypt-2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Freedom on the Net 2017, Egypt (PDF) (Report). Freedom House. November 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
^"Egypt: Freedom on the Net 2021 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
^ abLutscher, Philipp M. (2023). "When Censorship Works: Exploring the Resilience of News Websites to Online Censorship". British Journal of Political Science: 1–9. doi:10.1017/S0007123422000722. hdl:10852/102610. ISSN 0007-1234. S2CID 256293127.
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