Multiple levels of mammalian genome organization. Chromosomes occupy discrete territories in the nucleus (left). Topologically associating domains (TADs) are regions of the genome with locally high interaction frequency (center). Insulated neighborhoods are loops formed by the interaction of CTCF/cohesin-bound anchors containing genes and their regulatory elements.
In mammalian biology, insulated neighborhoods are chromosomal loop structures formed by the physical interaction of two DNA loci bound by the transcription factor CTCF and co-occupied by cohesin.[1] Insulated neighborhoods are thought to be structural and functional units of gene control because their integrity is important for normal gene regulation. Current evidence suggests that these structures form the mechanistic underpinnings of higher-order chromosome structures, including topologically associating domains (TADs). Insulated neighborhoods are functionally important in understanding gene regulation in normal cells and dysregulated gene expression in disease.
^Hnisz, D; Day, DS; Young, RA (17 November 2016). "Insulated Neighborhoods: Structural and Functional Units of Mammalian Gene Control". Cell. 167 (5): 1188–1200. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.024. PMC 5125522. PMID 27863240.
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