Global InformationInstitutional Revolutionary Party information
Institutional Revolutionary Party Partido Revolucionario Institucional | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President | Alejandro Moreno Cárdenas |
| Secretary-General | Carolina Viggiano Austria |
| Senate Leader | Manuel Añorve Baños |
| Chamber Leader | Rubén Moreira Valdez |
| Founder | Plutarco Elías Calles |
| Founded | 4 March 1929 (as PNR) 30 March 1938 (as PRM) 18 January 1946 (as PRI) |
| Split from | Laborist Party |
| Headquarters | Av. Insurgentes Norte 59 col. Buenavista 06359 Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City |
| Newspaper | La República |
| Youth wing | Red Jóvenes x México |
| Trade union wing | Confederation of Mexican Workers |
| Membership (2023) | 1,411,889[1] |
| Ideology |
|
| Political position | Centre[11] to centre-right[12] |
| National affiliation | Compromiso por México (2011–2015) Todos por México (2017–2018) Va por México (2020–2023) Broad Front for Mexico (2023–) |
| Continental affiliation | COPPPAL[13] |
| International affiliation | Socialist International[14] |
| Colours | Green White Red Grey Black |
| Chamber of Deputies | 70 / 500 |
| Senate | 13 / 128 |
| Governorships | 2 / 32 |
| State legislatures | 184 / 1,123 |
| Website | |
| pri | |
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The Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional, Spanish: [paɾˈtiðo reβolusjoˈnaɾjo jnstitusjoˈnal]; abbr. PRI) is a political party in Mexico that was founded in 1929 and held uninterrupted power in the country for 71 years, from 1929 to 2000, first as the National Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Nacional Revolucionario, PNR), then as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Mexicana, PRM) and finally as the PRI beginning in 1946.
The PNR was founded in 1929 by Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexico's paramount leader at the time and self-proclaimed Jefe Máximo (Supreme Chief) of the Mexican Revolution. The party was created with the intent of providing a political space in which all the surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution could participate to solve the severe political crisis caused by the assassination of president-elect Álvaro Obregón in 1928. Although Calles himself fell into political disgrace and was exiled in 1936, the party continued ruling Mexico until 2000, changing names twice until it became the PRI.
The PRI maintained absolute power over the country for most of the twentieth century; besides holding the Presidency of the Republic, all members of the Senate belonged to the PRI until 1976, and all state governors were also from the PRI until 1989. Throughout the seven decades that the PRI governed Mexico, the party used corporatism, co-option, electoral fraud, and political repression to hold power. In particular, the presidential elections of 1940, 1952 and 1988 were characterized by massive irregularities and fraudulent practices denounced by both domestic and international observers. While Mexico benefited from an economic boom which improved the quality of life of most people and created political stability during the early decades of the party's rule, issues such as inequality, corruption, and a lack of political freedoms cultivated growing opposition against the PRI, culminating in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre in which the Mexican Army killed hundreds of unarmed student demonstrators in Mexico City. Subsequently, a series of economic crises beginning in the 1970s drastically lowered the living standards of much of the country's population.
Throughout its nine-decade existence, the party has represented a very wide array of ideologies, typically following from the policies of the President of the Republic. During the 1980s, the party moved towards the centre-right of the political spectrum, with policies including privatizing state-run companies, establishing closer relations with the Catholic Church, and embracing free-market capitalism.[15][16][17] Subsequently, many left-wing members of the party abandoned the PRI and founded the Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD) in 1989 following the controversial 1988 elections.
In 1990, Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa famously described Mexico under the PRI as being "the perfect dictatorship", stating: "I don't believe that there has been in Latin America any case of a system of dictatorship which has so efficiently recruited the intellectual milieu, bribing it with great subtlety. The perfect dictatorship is not communism, nor the USSR, nor Fidel Castro; the perfect dictatorship is Mexico. Because it is a camouflaged dictatorship."[18][19] The phrase became popular in Mexico and around the world until the PRI fell from power in 2000.
Despite losing the presidency in the 2000 elections, and 2006 presidential candidate Roberto Madrazo finishing in third place without carrying a single state, the PRI continued to control most state governments through the 2000s and performed strongly at local levels. As a result, the PRI won the 2009 legislative election, and in 2012 its candidate Enrique Peña Nieto regained the presidency. However, dissatisfaction with corruption in Peña Nieto's administration, the escalation of the Mexican drug war, and rising crime led to PRI nominee José Antonio Meade losing the 2018 presidential election with the worst performance in the party's history.
- ^ "Padrón de afiliados".
- ^ Carlos Báez Silva (May 2001). "El Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Algunas Notas sobre su Pasado Inmediato para su Comprensión en un Momento de Reorientación. Los Años Recientes" (PDF). Convergencia: Revista de Ciencias Sociales. Convergencia: 5, 6. ISSN 1405-1435. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Daniel Bonilla Maldonado (18 April 2016). El constitucionalismo en el continente americano. Siglo del Hombre. pp. 219, 220. ISBN 9789586653862.
- ^ Francisco Paoli Bolio (2017). Constitucionalismo en el siglo XXI (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Jon Vanden Heuvel, Everette E. Dennis, ed. (1995). Changing Patterns: Latin America's Vital Media: a Report of The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center at Columbia University in the City of New York. p. 20.
- ^ Niko Vorobyov, ed. (2019). Dopeworld: Adventures in Drug Lands. Hachette UK. ISBN 9781317755098.
... Mexico spent most of the twentieth century governed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI, a bigtent, catch-all alliance that included everyone ...
- ^ José Antonio Aguilar Rivera (31 August 2016). "Nota sobre el nacionalismo claudicante". Nexos.
- ^ Laura Rojas (17 August 2014). "La muerte del nacionalismo revolucionario". Excélsior.
- ^ Juan Jose de la Cruz Arana (16 February 2012). "Autoridad y Memoria: El Partido Revolucionario Institucional". Distintas Latitudes.
- ^ "Se transforma el PRI en "socialdemócrata" por acuerdo de su comisión de deliberación - la Jornada".
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Eluniversal.com.mx, Septiembre de 2006, México. PRI: ¿ave fénix?".
- Bruhn, Kathleen (2008), Urban Protest in Mexico and Brazil, Cambridge University Press, p. 18, ISBN 9781139470636
- Storrs, K. Larry (2005), "Mexico-U.S. Relations", Mexico: Migration, U.S. Economic Issues and Counter Narcotic Efforts, Stanford University Press, p. 56, ISBN 9781594546501
- Samuels, David J.; Shugart, Matthew S. (2010), Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior, Cambridge University Press, p. 141, ISBN 9781139489379
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich". El Universal. 11 January 2018.
- Russell, James W. (2009). Class and Race Formation in North America. University of Toronto Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-8020-9678-4.
- Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E. (21 July 2014). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139991384. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
- ^ "¿Qué es la COPPPAL?". Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ "Full Member Parties". Socialist International. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^ "Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich". El Universal. 11 January 2018.
- ^ Russell, James W. (2009). Class and Race Formation in North America. University of Toronto Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-8020-9678-4.
- ^ Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E. (21 July 2014). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139991384. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
- ^ Terra. 2010 October 7. Vargas Llosa a 20 años de "México es una dictadura perfecta" (Vargas Llosa, 20 years after "Mexico is a perfect dictatorship").
- ^ El País (Madrid). 1990 September 1.Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta" Archived 24 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine