Compact disc (CD): CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, Super Audio CD (SACD), Photo CD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i, MIL-CD, Mini CD
ISO 9660 (also known as ECMA-119) is a file system for optical disc media. The file system is an international standard available from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Since the specification is available for anybody to purchase,[1] implementations have been written for many operating systems.
ISO 9660 traces its roots to the High Sierra Format,[2] which arranged file information in a dense, sequential layout to minimize nonsequential access by using a hierarchical (eight levels of directories deep) tree file system arrangement, similar to UNIX and FAT. To facilitate cross platform compatibility, it defined a minimal set of common file attributes (directory or ordinary file and time of recording) and name attributes (name, extension, and version), and used a separate system use area where future optional extensions for each file may be specified. High Sierra was adopted in December 1986 (with changes) as an international standard by Ecma International as ECMA-119[3] and submitted for fast tracking to the ISO, where it was eventually accepted as ISO 9660:1988.[4] Subsequent amendments to the standard were published in 2013 and 2020.
The first 16 sectors of the file system are empty and reserved for other uses. The rest begins with a volume descriptor set (a header block which describes the subsequent layout) and then the path tables, directories and files on the disc. An ISO 9660 compliant disc must contain at least one primary volume descriptor describing the file system and a volume descriptor set terminator which is a volume descriptor that marks the end of the descriptor set. The primary volume descriptor provides information about the volume, characteristics and metadata, including a root directory record that indicates in which sector the root directory is located. Other fields contain metadata such as the volume's name and creator, along with the size and number of logical blocks used by the file system. Path tables summarize the directory structure of the relevant directory hierarchy. For each directory in the image, the path table provides the directory identifier, the location of the extent in which the directory is recorded, the length of any extended attributes associated with the directory, and the index of its parent directory path table entry.
There are several extensions to ISO 9660 that relax some of its limitations. Notable examples include Rock Ridge (Unix-style permissions and longer names), Joliet (Unicode, allowing non-Latin scripts to be used), El Torito (enables CDs to be bootable) and the Apple ISO 9660 Extensions (file characteristics specific to the classic Mac OS and macOS, such as resource forks, file backup date and more).
^"ISO 9660:1988(en), Information processing – Volume and file structure of CD-ROM for information interchange". ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO. 1988. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^"Working Paper for Information Processing: Volume and File Structure of CD-ROM for Information Interchange". Optical Information Systems. 7 (1): 29–49. January 1987.
^"Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange". Ecma International. December 1987.
^Volume and File Structure of CD-ROM for Information Interchange (corrected ed.). Geneva: International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 1 September 1988.
ISO9660 (also known as ECMA-119) is a file system for optical disc media. The file system is an international standard available from the International...
ISO/IEC 13490 (also known as ECMA-168) is the successor to ISO9660 (level 3), intended to describe the file system of a CD-ROM or CD-R. ISO 13490 has...
An optical disc image (or ISO image, from the ISO9660 file system used with CD-ROM media) is a disk image that contains everything that would be written...
ISO9660 (often known simply as "ISO") and Universal Disk Format (UDF). ISO is most common for CDs and UDF is most common for DVDs and BDs. ISO9660 is...
most widely used for DVDs and newer optical disc formats, supplanting ISO9660. Due to its design, it is very well suited to incremental updates on both...
ISO9660#Restrictions Through the use of multi-extents, a file can consist of multiple segments, each up to 4 GiB (4.294 GB) in size. See ISO9660#The...
they are using the ISO9660 standard file system as opposed to another file system—hence disc images commonly being referred to as "ISOs". The sensitivity...
1992) is the ISO standard describing the International System of Units (SI). The ISO 1000:1992 standard was withdrawn in 2009 together with ISO 31, and are...
technical standard defined by ISO which describes title block formats to be used in technical drawings. ISO 7200:1984 ISO 7200:2004 ISO 128 for the general principles...
which defines original CDDA. SACD (Super Audio) DDCD (Double Density) ISO9660, a 1986 filesystem standard used in conjunction with CD-ROM formats. Orange-Book-Standard...
ISO 10962, known as Classification of Financial Instruments (CFI), is a six-letter-code used in the financial services industry to classify and describe...
versions) ISO9660 (CDFS) The predominant file system for CD-ROM and DVD-ROM media. Windows includes support for Joliet extensions and the ISO9660:1999 standard...
ISO 9362 is an international standard for Business Identifier Codes (BIC), a unique identifier for business institutions, approved by the International...
installed on it, typically ISO9660 and HFS+ (or HFS on older discs). One reason for the hybrid format is the restrictions of ISO9660 (filenames of only eight...
ISO 10161 is the ISO standard, first published in 1993, that defines the interlibrary loan (ILL) application protocol for communication between various...
were compressed with SQ ended with the extension .LQR .iso application/x-iso9660-image ISO-9660 image (Various; cross platform) An archive format originally...
CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 1, and stores metadata and menu information inside an ISO9660 filesystem. This track may also contain other non-essential files, and...
24.02". February 29, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024. "GhostBSD 21.05.11 ISO now available". Retrieved June 25, 2021. Greg Kroah-Hartman (May 2, 2024)...
ISO 19011 is an international standard that sets forth guidelines for management systems auditing. The current version is ISO 19011:2018. It is developed...
ISO 1629, Rubber and latices – Nomenclature is an ISO standard that helps in classification and designation of basic or crude rubber in both dry and latex...
ISO 965 (ISO general purpose metric screw thread—tolerances) is an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard for metric screw thread...
program, is also covered by the above article Compact Disc File System, or ISO9660 CDFS, an acronym in electrical engineering that has the meaning of inquiring...
Global Information