Hyperuniform materials are characterized by an anomalous suppression of density fluctuations at large scales. More precisely, the vanishing of density fluctuations in the long-wave length limit (like for crystals) distinguishes hyperuniform systems from typical gases, liquids, or amorphous solids.[1][2] Examples of hyperuniformity include all perfect crystals,[1] perfect quasicrystals,[3][4] and exotic amorphous states of matter.[2]
Quantitatively, a many-particle system is said to be hyperuniform if the variance of the number of points within a spherical observation window grows more slowly than the volume of the observation window. This definition is equivalent to a vanishing of the structure factor in the long-wavelength limit,[1] and it has been extended to include heterogeneous materials as well as scalar, vector, and tensor fields.[5] Disordered hyperuniform systems, were shown to be poised at an "inverted" critical point.[1] They can be obtained via equilibrium or nonequilibrium routes, and are found in both classical physical and quantum-mechanical systems.[1][2] Hence, the concept of hyperuniformity now connects a broad range of topics in physics,[2][6][7][8][9] mathematics,[10][11][12][13][14][15] biology,[16][17][18] and materials science.[19][20][21]
The concept of hyperuniformity generalizes the traditional notion of long-range order and thus defines an exotic state of matter. A disordered hyperuniform many-particle system can be statistically isotropic like a liquid, with no Bragg peaks and no conventional type of long-range order. Nevertheless, at large scales, hyperuniform systems resemble crystals, in their suppression of large-scale density fluctuations. This unique combination is known to endow disordered hyperuniform materials with novel physical properties that are, e.g., both nearly optimal and direction independent (in contrast to those of crystals that are anisotropic).[2]
^ abcdefTorquato, Salvatore; Stillinger, Frank H. (29 October 2003). "Local density fluctuations, hyperuniformity, and order metrics". Physical Review E. 68 (4): 041113. arXiv:cond-mat/0311532. Bibcode:2003PhRvE..68d1113T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.68.041113. PMID 14682929. S2CID 9162488.
^ abcdefTorquato, Salvatore (2018). "Hyperuniform states of matter". Physics Reports. 745: 1–95. arXiv:1801.06924. Bibcode:2018PhR...745....1T. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2018.03.001. S2CID 119378373.
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^Oğuz, Erdal C.; Socolar, Joshua E.S.; Steinhardt, Paul J.; Torquato, Salvatore (23 February 2017). "Hyperuniformity of quasicrystals". Physical Review B. 95 (5): 054119. arXiv:1612.01975. Bibcode:2017PhRvB..95e4119O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.95.054119. ISSN 2469-9950. S2CID 85522310.
^Torquato, Salvatore (15 August 2016). "Hyperuniformity and its generalizations". Physical Review E. 94 (2): 022122. arXiv:1607.08814. Bibcode:2016PhRvE..94b2122T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.94.022122. ISSN 2470-0045. PMID 27627261. S2CID 30459937.
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^Ghosh, Subhroshekhar; Lebowitz, Joel L. (2017). "Fluctuations, large deviations and rigidity in hyperuniform systems: A brief survey". Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 48 (4): 609–631. arXiv:1608.07496. doi:10.1007/s13226-017-0248-1. ISSN 0019-5588. S2CID 8709357.
^Ghosh, Subhroshekhar; Lebowitz, Joel L. (2018). "Generalized stealthy hyperuniform processes: Maximal rigidity and the bounded holes conjecture". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 363 (1): 97–110. arXiv:1707.04328. Bibcode:2018CMaPh.363...97G. doi:10.1007/s00220-018-3226-5. ISSN 0010-3616. S2CID 6243545.
^Torquato, Salvatore; Zhang, Ge; De Courcy-Ireland, Matthew (29 March 2019). "Hidden multiscale order in the primes". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 52 (13): 135002. arXiv:1804.06279. Bibcode:2019JPhA...52m5002T. doi:10.1088/1751-8121/ab0588. ISSN 1751-8113. S2CID 85508362.
^Brauchart, Johann S.; Grabner, Peter J.; Kusner, Wöden; Ziefle, Jonas (2020). "Hyperuniform point sets on the sphere: probabilistic aspects". Monatshefte für Mathematik. 192 (4): 763–781. arXiv:1809.02645. doi:10.1007/s00605-020-01439-y. ISSN 0026-9255. S2CID 119179807.
^Baake, Michael; Grimm, Uwe (1 September 2020). "Inflation versus projection sets in aperiodic systems: The role of the window in averaging and diffraction". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 76 (5): 559–570. arXiv:2004.03256. doi:10.1107/S2053273320007421. ISSN 2053-2733. PMC 7459767. PMID 32869753. S2CID 220404667.
^Klatt, Michael Andreas; Last, Günter; Yogeshwaran, D. (2020). "Hyperuniform and rigid stable matchings". Random Structures & Algorithms. 57 (2): 439–473. arXiv:1810.00265. doi:10.1002/rsa.20923. ISSN 1098-2418. S2CID 119678948.
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^Mayer, Andreas; Balasubramanian, Vijay; Mora, Thierry; Walczak, Aleksandra M. (12 May 2015). "How a well-adapted immune system is organized". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (19): 5950–5955. arXiv:1407.6888. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.5950M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421827112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4434741. PMID 25918407.
^Huang, Mingji; Hu, Wensi; Yang, Siyuan; Liu, Quan-Xing; Zhang, H. P. (4 May 2021). "Circular swimming motility and disordered hyperuniform state in an algae system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (18): e2100493118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11800493H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2100493118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8106356. PMID 33931505.
^Florescu, M.; Torquato, S.; Steinhardt, P.J. (8 December 2009). "Designer disordered materials with large, complete photonic band gaps". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (49): 20658–20663. arXiv:1007.3554. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620658F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907744106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2777962. PMID 19918087.
^Muller, Nicolas; Haberko, Jakub; Marichy, Catherine; Scheffold, Frank (2014). "Silicon hyperuniform disordered photonic materials with a pronounced gap in the shortwave infrared" (PDF). Advanced Optical Materials. 2 (2): 115–119. doi:10.1002/adom.201300415.
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