Proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation
Hyperloop is a proposed high-speed transportation system for both passengers and freight. The concept was documented by Elon Musk in a 2013 white paper, where the hyperloop was described as a transportation system using capsules supported by an air-bearing surface within a low-pressure tube.[1] Hyperloop systems have three essential elements: tubes, pods, and terminals. The tube is a large, sealed low-pressure system (typically a long tunnel). The pod is a coach at atmospheric pressure that experiences low air resistance or friction inside the tube[2] using magnetic propulsion (in the initial design, augmented by a ducted fan). The terminal handles pod arrivals and departures. The hyperloop, in the form proposed by Musk, differs from vactrains by relying on residual air pressure inside the tube to provide lift from aerofoils and propulsion by fans;[1] however, many subsequent variants using the name "hyperloop" have been relatively traditional vactrains.
Hyperloop was teased by Elon Musk at a 2012 speaking event, and described as a "fifth mode of transport".[3] Musk released details of an alpha-version in a white paper in August 2013, in which the hyperloop design incorporated reduced-pressure tubes with pressurized capsules riding on air bearings driven by linear induction motors and axial compressors.[4] The white paper showed an example hyperloop route running from the Los Angeles region to the San Francisco Bay Area, roughly following the Interstate 5 corridor.[1] Some transportation analysts challenged the cost estimates in the white paper, with some predicting that a hyperloop would run several billion dollars higher.[5][6][7]
The hyperloop concept has been promoted by Musk and SpaceX, and other companies or organizations were encouraged to collaborate in developing the technology.[8]
A Technical University of Munich hyperloop set a speed record of 463 km/h (288 mph) in July 2019[9][10] at the pod design competition hosted by SpaceX in Hawthorne, California.[11] Virgin Hyperloop conducted the first human trial in November 2020 at its test site in Las Vegas, reaching a top speed of 172 km/h (107 mph).[12] Swisspod Technologies unveiled a 1:12 scale testing facility in a circular shape to simulate an "infinite" hyperloop trajectory in July 2021 on the EPFL campus at Lausanne, Switzerland.[13] In 2023, a new European effort to standardize "hyperloop systems" released a draft standard.[14]
Hyperloop One, one of the best well-known and well-funded players in the hyperloop space, declared bankruptcy and ceased operations in 2023. Other companies continue to pursue hyperloop technology development.[15]
^ abcCite error: The named reference Alpha SpaceX was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Opgenoord, Max M. J. "How does the aerodynamic design implement in hyperloop concept?". Mechanical Engineering. MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^"Pando Monthly presents a fireside chat with Elon Musk". pando.com. PandoDaily. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
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^Hawkins, Andrew J. (18 June 2016). "Here are the Hyperloop pods competing in Elon Musk's big race later this year". The Verge. Archived from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
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^Etherington, Darrell (2 September 2016). "Here's a first look at the SpaceX Hyperloop test track". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^"First passengers travel in Virgin's levitating hyperloop pod system". The Guardian. 9 November 2020. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
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Hyperloop is a proposed high-speed transportation system for both passengers and freight. The concept was documented by Elon Musk in a 2013 white paper...
Hyperloop One, known as Virgin Hyperloop until November 2022, was an American transportation technology company that worked to commercialize high-speed...
The Hyperloop Pod Competition was an annual competition sponsored by SpaceX from 2015 to 2019 in which a number of student and non-student teams participated...
The Missouri Hyperloop is a proposed high-speed transportation route in the U.S. state of Missouri. The hyperloop would connect the cities of St. Louis...
Hyperloop Transportation Technologies, also known as HyperloopTT, is an American research company formed using a crowd collaboration approach (a mix of...
philanthropist. He is the co-founder and former executive chairman of Hyperloop One and a co-founder and managing director of Sherpa Capital, a venture...
acquired by Tesla in 2016 and became Tesla Energy. In 2013, he proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI...
satellites interstellar spaceflight concepts, and for winning all SpaceX Hyperloop pod competitions. Currently, WARR works in the fields of hybrid propulsion...
stage. In August 2013 Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, published the Hyperloop Alpha paper, proposing and examining a route running from the Los Angeles...
DC and Baltimore, Maryland – In 2017, Musk announced plans to build a Hyperloop connecting Washington, DC to Baltimore. This was supplanted in 2018 by...
equity fund Istithmar World. He has been non-executive chairman of Virgin Hyperloop since 2018. He is a board member of the Dubai Executive Council and the...
the initial investment phase of Hyperloop One, a high-speed travel start-up. Virgin Hyperloop, formerly known as Hyperloop One, is working towards commercializing...
to have 100% biotoilets by 31 March 2019. Mumbai–Pune hyperloop is a proposed 1000 km/h Hyperloop system that will take 14 minutes compared to current...
are designed to travel through a tube guideway which is similar to a hyperloop or vactrain system, with variations based on magnetic levitation rather...
bus system, Greyhound, Amtrak, and taxi services. In 2018, a Missouri Hyperloop was proposed to connect St. Louis, Kansas City, and Columbia, reducing...
Investment Group announced a joint venture with Hyperloop Transportation Technologies to construct a Hyperloop track in Tongren, along with an industrial research...
Hyperloop UPV (a. k. a. Hyperloop Makers UPV) is a team of students from the Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia, Spain) with the aim of designing...
technological committee of Virgin Hyperloop One, a company developing the high speed transportation technology "Hyperloop". In January 2017, the Californian...
developed maglev rail. Arrivo initially attempted to commercialize a hyperloop, but abandoned the effort in November 2017 in favor of established transit...
Plans Hyperloop Pod Races at California HQ in 2016". NBC. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017. "Spacex Hyperloop Pod Competition"...
company is known for picking Elon Musk's idea of Hyperloop and incorporating it as founding party under Hyperloop Transportation Technologies Inc. JumpStartFund...
This Hyperloop One Future Map of the U.S.?". Inverse. Retrieved 7 September 2018. Roberts, Michael (20 November 2017). "The One Thing Hyperloop Must Do...
Polish company developing a high-speed magnetic railroad based on the Hyperloop technology. The company proposes a 3-step approach to implementing its...
announced preliminary plans to award Elon Musk a contract to build a Hyperloop between downtown Chicago and the city's O'Hare International Airport,...
Hyperloop II race with 201-mph pod run". GeekWire. US. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017. "WARR Hyperloop pod...