There are two sources for the material culture and art of the Huns: ancient descriptions and archaeology. Unfortunately, the nomadic nature of Hun society means that they have left very little in the archaeological record.[1] Indeed, although a great amount of archaeological material has been unearthed since 1945, as of 2005 there were only 200 positively identified Hunnic burials producing Hunnic material culture.[2] It can be difficult to distinguish Hunnic archaeological finds from those of the Sarmatians, as both peoples lived in close proximity and seem to have had very similar material cultures. Kim thus cautions that it is difficult to assign any artifact to the Huns ethnically.[3] It is also possible that the Huns in Europe adopted the material culture of their Germanic subjects.[4] Roman descriptions of the Huns, meanwhile, are often highly biased, stressing their supposed primitiveness.[5][6]
Detail of Hunnish gold and garnet bracelet, 5th century, Walters Art Museum
Jewelry and weapons attributed to the Huns are often decorated in a polychrome, cloisonné style.[7]
Archaeologist Joachim Werner argued that the Huns developed a unique "Danubian" style of art that combined Asiatic goldsmithing techniques with the enormous amount of gold given as tribute to the Huns by the Romans; this style then influenced European art.[8] In the 1970s, A. K. Ambroz argued that the polychrome style originated with the Huns; however, more recent archaeological discoveries show that it predates their arrival in Europe.[9] Warwick Ball, moreover, argues that the decorated artifacts of the Hunnish period were probably made by local craftsmen for the Huns rather than by the Huns themselves.[10]
A Hunnish oval openwork fibula set with a carnelian and decorated with a geometric pattern of gold wire, 4th century, Walters Art Museum
Both ancient sources and archaeological finds from graves confirm that the Huns wore elaborately decorated golden or gold-plated diadems.[11] Maenchen-Helfen lists a total of six known Hunnish diadems.[12] Hunnic women seem to have worn necklaces and bracelets of mostly imported beads of various materials as well.[13] They are also known to have possessed small mirrors of an originally Chinese type, which often appear to have been intentionally broken when placed into a grave.[14] Archaeological finds indicate that the Huns wore gold plaques as ornaments on their clothing, as well as imported glass beads.[15]
^Thompson 1996, pp. 6–7.
^Heather 2005, pp. 330–331.
^Kim 2015, p. 166-167.
^Heather 2005, p. 332.
^Man 2005, p. 79.
^Maenchen-Helfen 1973, pp. 9–17.
^Kim 2015, p. 170.
^von Rummel 2007, p. 38, 354.
^Bitner-Wróblewska, Pesch & Przybyła 2020, p. 258.
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