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Hukou (Chinese: 户口; lit. 'household individual') is a system of household registration used in mainland China. The system itself is more properly called "huji" (Chinese: 户籍; lit. 'household origin'), and has origins in ancient China; hukou is the registration of an individual in the system (kou literally means "mouth", which originates from the practise of regarding family members as "mouths to feed", similar to the phrase "per head" in English). A household registration record officially identifies a person as a permanent resident of an area and includes identifying information such as name, parents, spouse and date of birth. A hukou can also refer to a family register in many contexts since the household register (simplified Chinese: 户口簿; traditional Chinese: 戶口簿; pinyin: hùkǒu bù) is issued per family, and usually includes the births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and moves, of all members in the family.
The system descends in part from ancient Chinese household registration systems. The hukou system also influenced similar systems within the public administration structures of neighboring East Asian countries, such as Japan (koseki) and Korea (hoju), as well as the Southeast Asian country Vietnam (hộ khẩu).[1][2][3] In South Korea, the hoju system was abolished in January 2008.[4] While unrelated in origin, propiska in the Soviet Union and resident registration in Russia had a similar purpose and served as a model for modern China's hukou system.[5][6]
Due to its connection to social programs provided by the government, which assigns benefits based on agricultural and non-agricultural residency status (often referred to as rural and urban), the hukou system is sometimes likened to a form of caste system.[7][8][9] It has been the source of much inequality over the decades since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, as urban residents received benefits that ranged from retirement pension to education to health care, while rural citizens were often left to fend for themselves.[10][11] In recent years,[when?] the central government has begun to reform the system in response to protests and a changing economic system, while some Western experts question whether these changes have been of substance.[12][13]
^Liu, Laura Blythe (2016). Teacher Educator International Professional Development as Ren. Springer. p. 37. ISBN 978-3662516485.
^Miller, Tom (2012). China's Urban Billion: The Story behind the Biggest Migration in Human History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1780321417.
^Kroeber, Arthur R. (2016). China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know?. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0190239039.
^Koh, Eunkang (2008). "Gender issues and Confucian scriptures: Is Confucianism incompatible with gender equality in South Korea?". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 71 (2): 345–362. doi:10.1017/s0041977x08000578. JSTOR 40378774.
^Liu, Li; Kuang, Lei (2012). Denson, Tom (ed.). "Discrimination against Rural-to-Urban Migrants: The Role of the Hukou System in China". PLOS ONE. 7 (11). PLOS (published 5 November 2012): e46932. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...746932K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046932. PMC 3489849. PMID 23144794.
^Guo, Zhonghua; Guo, Sujian (2015). Theorizing Chinese Citizenship. Lexington Books (published 15 October 2015). p. 104. ISBN 978-1498516693.
^"Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance", by Elizabeth J. Perry, Mark Selden, page 90
^"China's New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society", p. 86, by Daniel A. Bell
^"Trust and Distrust: Sociocultural Perspectives", p. 63, by Ivana Marková, Alex Gillespie
^Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Lu, Rachel (31 July 2014). "China Is Ending Its 'Apartheid.' Here's Why No One Is Happy About It". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
^Sheehan, Spencer (22 February 2017). "China's Hukou Reforms and the Urbanization Challenge". The Diplomat. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
Hukou (Chinese: 户口; lit. 'household individual') is a system of household registration used in mainland China. The system itself is more properly called...
Hukou County (simplified Chinese: 湖口县; traditional Chinese: 湖口縣; pinyin: Húkǒu Xiàn; lit. '(Poyang) lake mouth') is a county under the administration of...
The Hukou Waterfall (simplified Chinese: 壶口瀑布; traditional Chinese: 壺口瀑布; pinyin: Húkǒu Pùbù), is the largest waterfall on the Yellow River, the second...
Hukou station may refer to: Hukou station, a station of the Wuhan Metro Hukou railway station, a railway station of the Taiwan Railways Administration...
The Hukou incident (Chinese: 湖口兵變) also known as the Hukou Mutiny was an attempted coup d'état initiated by the deputy commander of the 1st Armor Division...
Chinese person is either registered with a rural hukou or an urban hukou at birth. As a result, rural hukou holders can expect a less desirable future in...
in China without local household registration status through the Chinese Hukou system. In general, rural-urban migrant most excluded from local educational...
Hukou (Chinese: 湖口車站; pinyin: Húkǒu Chēzhàn) is a railway station on the Taiwan Railways Administration West Coast line located in Hukou Township, Hsinchu...
the Hukou system. This gives rise to a large number of migrant workers, numbering at 290.77 million in 2019. These migrant workers have rural Hukou, but...
tied to the region in which a Chinese citizen is domiciled, determined by hukou in mainland China and right of abode in the two special administrative regions...
places Hukou reform at the top of their list. This places a rift between the urban Hukous and the rural Hukou holders as with holding an urban Hukou you...
welfare system. Welfare in China is linked to the hukou system. Those holding non-agricultural hukou status have access to a number of programs provided...
Shanghainese: Zaanhe-nyin [zɑ̃̀hɛ́.ɲɪ̀ɲ]) are an ethnic group of Shanghai Hukou descent or people who have ancestral roots from Shanghai. Most Shanghainese...
in 2013 had local hukou permits, which entitles them to permanent residence in Beijing. The remaining 8 million residents had hukou permits elsewhere...
Hukou Station (Chinese: 湖口站), is a station on Line 11 of the Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on October 1, 2018. It is located in Jiangxia District...
the world, just behind Mexico and ahead of the Philippines. However, the hukou system shows Henan as the most populous province in China with over 103 million...
the school segregation of migrants and locals in urban China under the hukou system. One facet of several social factors is characterized by the expectations...
local hukou, but local governments can restrict services like subsidized schooling, subsidized housing, and health insurance to those with local hukou. The...
Shanghai had a total population of 24,758,900, including 14,693,630 (59.3%) hukou holders (registered locally). As of 2022[update], 89.3% of Shanghai's population...
other family registries across East Asia, it is similar to the Chinese hukou and the Japanese koseki. Opponents of the hoju system believed it to be...
like stateless persons. Chinese passport (for the mainland residents with Hukou only) Hong Kong SAR passport (for Hong Kong permanent residents with Chinese...
Asian countries, such as Germany (Familienbuch), France, Spain, China (Hukou), Japan (Koseki), and North and South Korea (Hoju). Additionally, in some...
(stylized as SYM) is a Taiwanese motorcycle manufacturer headquartered in Hukou, Taiwan. Founded in Taipei, Taiwan in 1954 by Huang Chi-Chun and Chang Kuo...
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