In ancient history, the concepts of chance and randomness were intertwined with that of fate. Many ancient peoples threw dice to determine fate, and this later evolved into games of chance. At the same time, most ancient cultures used various methods of divination to attempt to circumvent randomness and fate.[1][2] Beyond religion and games of chance, randomness has been attested for sortition since at least ancient Athenian democracy in the form of a kleroterion.[3]
The formalization of odds and chance was perhaps earliest done by the Chinese 3,000 years ago. The Greek philosophers discussed randomness at length, but only in non-quantitative forms. It was only in the sixteenth century that Italian mathematicians began to formalize the odds associated with various games of chance. The invention of modern calculus had a positive impact on the formal study of randomness. In the 19th century the concept of entropy was introduced in physics.
The early part of the twentieth century saw a rapid growth in the formal analysis of randomness, and mathematical foundations for probability were introduced, leading to its axiomatization in 1933. At the same time, the advent of quantum mechanics changed the scientific perspective on determinacy. In the mid to late 20th-century, ideas of algorithmic information theory introduced new dimensions to the field via the concept of algorithmic randomness.
Although randomness had often been viewed as an obstacle and a nuisance for many centuries, in the twentieth century computer scientists began to realize that the deliberate introduction of randomness into computations can be an effective tool for designing better algorithms. In some cases, such randomized algorithms are able to outperform the best deterministic methods.
^Adkins 1998, p. 279.
^Johnston 2004, p. 370.
^Hansen 1991, p. 230.
and 27 Related for: History of randomness information
In ancient history, the concepts of chance and randomness were intertwined with that of fate. Many ancient peoples threw dice to determine fate, and this...
ofrandomness. Randomness is most often used in statistics to signify well-defined statistical properties. Monte Carlo methods, which rely on random input...
there are other forms ofrandomness that can be used to model extreme changes in risk and randomness. He observed that randomness can become quite "wild"...
the digits of π exhibit statistical randomness. Statistical randomness does not necessarily imply "true" randomness, i.e., objective unpredictability....
proven. RandomnessHistoryofrandomnessRandom number generator Seven states ofrandomness Statistical randomness Sergio B. Volchan What Is a Random Sequence...
the state of the PRNG. Various applications ofrandomness have led to the development of different methods for generating random data. Some of these have...
Randomness has many uses in science, art, statistics, cryptography, gaming, gambling, and other fields. For example, random assignment in randomized controlled...
around the world. It is part of Penguin Random House, which is owned by the Germany-based media conglomerate Bertelsmann. Random House was founded in 1927...
redirect targets Randomized algorithm – Algorithm that employs a degree ofrandomness as part of its logic or procedure Ho, Tin Kam (1995). Random Decision Forests...
Penguin Random House LLC is an Anglo-American multinational conglomerate publishing company formed on July 1, 2013, with the merger of Penguin Books and...
(non-quantum) phenomena are not truly random, an unpredictable physical system is usually acceptable as a source ofrandomness, so the qualifiers "true" and "physical"...
A stochastic process can have many outcomes, due to its randomness, and a single outcome of a stochastic process is called, among other names, a sample...
a white-box fashion, than to rely on randomness. It may require a very large number of tests for modest levels of confidence in modest failure rates. For...
questions of an oracle machine, there are different notions ofrandomness. The most common of these is known as Martin-Löf randomness (K-randomness or 1-randomness)...
and repeatable process. Simply put, the problem is that many of the sources ofrandomness available to humans (such as rolling dice) rely on physical processes...
A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree ofrandomness as part of its logic or procedure. The algorithm typically uses uniformly random...
Wayback Machine. D Kindersley (2016) Bicycle: The Definitive Visual history, Penguin Random House. F Andrews (1996) It's a Schwinn!, The New York Times, December...
polarity of ferrite donuts' magnetic fields. Through these early trial and errors of computing memory, the final result was Dynamic Random Access Memory...
mathematical physics, a random matrix is a matrix-valued random variable—that is, a matrix in which some or all of its entries are sampled randomly from a probability...
theory (or Kolmogorov complexity). Kolmogorov randomness defines a string (usually of bits) as being random if and only if every computer program that can...
concrete example of a random number (but for a much weaker notion of algorithmic randomness). Algorithmic probability Historyofrandomness Incompleteness...
The historyof banking began with the first prototype banks, that is, the merchants of the world, who gave grain loans to farmers and traders who carried...
2022. Dadabhoy, Bakhtiar K. (2013). Barons of Banking: Glimpses of Indian Banking History. Noida: Random House India. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-8400-476-2....
the rise and fall of empires. Subsequent post-classical history, the "Middle Ages" from about 500 to 1500 CE, witnessed the rise of Christianity and Islam...
2018. Crean, Mike (2011). First with the news: an illustrated history. Auckland: Random House. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-86979-562-7. "Various editorials". models...
Global Information