HMS Challenger during its pioneer expedition of 1872–76
Marine biology is a hybrid subject that combines aspects of organismal function, ecological interaction and the study of marine biodiversity.[1] The earliest studies of marine biology trace back to the Phoenicians and the Greeks who are known as the initial explorers of the oceans and their composition.[2] The first recorded observations on the distribution and habits of marine life were made by Aristotle (384–322 BC).[3]
Observations made in the earliest studies of marine biology provided an impetus for the age of discovery and exploration that followed. During this time, a vast amount of knowledge was gained about life that exists in the oceans. Individuals who contributed significantly to this pool of knowledge include Captain James Cook (1728–1779), Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and Wyville Thomson (1830–1882).[4]
These individuals took part in some of the more well-known expeditions of all time, making foundation contributions to marine biology.[5] The era was important for the history of marine biology, but naturalists were still constrained by available technologies that limited their ability to effectively locate and accurately examine species that inhabited the deep parts of the ocean.
The subsequent creation of marine laboratories was another important development because marine scientists now had places to conduct research and process their specimens from expeditions. Technological advances, such as sound ranging, scuba diving gear, submersibles and remotely operated vehicles, progressively made it easier to study the deep ocean. This allowed marine biologists to explore depths people once thought never existed.[6]
^Levinton, Jeffrey S.. Marine biology: function, biodiversity, ecology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. p.3
^"History of the Study of Marine Biology" Archived 2013-01-25 at the Wayback Machine MarineBio Conservation Society. Retrieved: April 7, 2014.
^Levinton, Jeffrey S.. Marine biology: function, biodiversity, ecology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. p.4
^Ward (1974) p.161
^Gage & Tyler (1991) p.1
^Levinton, Jeffrey S. (1995) Marine biology: function, biodiversity, ecology, New York: Oxford University Press. p.7-8
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