A Ministry of Aircraft Production poster on aerodynamics
Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with the study of the motion of air. It is a sub-field of fluid and gas dynamics, and the term "aerodynamics" is often used when referring to fluid dynamics
Early records of fundamental aerodynamic concepts date back to the work of Aristotle and Archimedes in the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC, but efforts to develop a quantitative theory of airflow did not begin until the 18th century. In 1726 Isaac Newton became one of the first aerodynamicists in the modern sense when he developed a theory of air resistance which was later verified for low flow speeds. Air resistance experiments were performed by investigators throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, aided by the construction of the first wind tunnel in 1871. In his 1738 publication Hydrodynamica, Daniel Bernoulli described a fundamental relationship between pressure, velocity, and density, now termed Bernoulli's principle, which provides one method of explaining lift.
Aerodynamics work throughout the 19th century sought to achieve heavier-than-air flight. George Cayley developed the concept of the modern fixed-wing aircraft in 1799, and in doing so identified the four fundamental forces of flight - lift, thrust, drag, and weight. The development of reasonable predictions of the thrust needed to power flight in conjunction with the development of high-lift, low-drag airfoils paved the way for the first powered flight. On December 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright flew the first successful powered aircraft. The flight, and the publicity it received, led to more organized collaboration between aviators and aerodynamicists, leading the way to modern aerodynamics.
Theoretical advances in aerodynamics were made parallel to practical ones. The relationship described by Bernoulli was found to be valid only for incompressible, inviscid flow. In 1757, Leonhard Euler published the Euler equations, extending Bernoulli's principle to the compressible flow regime. In the early 19th century, the development of the Navier-Stokes equations extended the Euler equations to account for viscous effects. During the time of the first flights, several investigators developed independent theories connecting flow circulation to lift. Ludwig Prandtl became one of the first people to investigate boundary layers during this time.
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Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with the study of the motion of air. It is a sub-field of fluid and gas dynamics, and the term "aerodynamics"...
Aerodynamics (Ancient Greek: ἀήρ aero (air) + Ancient Greek: δυναμική (dynamics)) is the study of the motion of air, particularly when affected by a solid...
Mueller and J.D. DeLaurier, "An Overview of Micro Air Vehicle Aerodynamics", Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications, Paul...
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February 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2010. Anderson, J. D. (1997). A HistoryofAerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines. Cambridge University Press....
are manufacturing processes). Anderson, John D. Jr. (1998). A HistoryofAerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines. Cambridge: Cambridge University...
(1997). A HistoryofAerodynamics (Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-45435-2 J. D. Anderson Jr. (1998). Some Reflections on the Historyof Fluid Dynamics...
development of the Swept Wing 1935-1945" (PDF). HAW-Hamburg.de. "HistoryofAerodynamics and Aircraft Design". Scientists & Friends. Could This Change Air...
Bernoulli", MacTutor Historyof Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews (1998) Anderson, John David (1997). A HistoryofAerodynamics and its Impact on...
(Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1914), 210. Anderson, John D. A HistoryofAerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines (Cambridge: Cambridge University...
Lilienthal Museum. Retrieved: 13 January 2012. Anderson, John D. A HistoryofAerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University...
Potential flow around a circular cylinder Anderson, John (1998). A HistoryofAerodynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521669559.[page needed]...
drapery or by gilding. This type of statuary was common and widespread in Classical antiquity. Aerodynamics: Modern aerodynamics only dates back to the seventeenth...
from the original on 3 December 2013. Anderson, John D. Jr. A HistoryofAerodynamics. New York: McGraw Hill, 1997, p. 424. "Comment by Hans von Ohain...
and John G. Henry, Tatra - The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka, SAF Publishing, Harrow 1990. "Historyofaerodynamics". Archived from the original on 2010-05-17...
Elizabeth (1965). The Life of a Genius. Hodder & Stoughton. ASIN B0000CMTCD. Anderson, John D. (1999). A HistoryofAerodynamics: And Its Impact on Flying...
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(abbreviated as CH) is a series of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) developed by the China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics, an entity under the China Aerospace...
time, notably fluid dynamics and Newton's laws of motion, led to the foundation of modern aerodynamics, most notably by Sir George Cayley. Balloons, both...
Italia. Retrieved 1 December 2013. Anderson, John D. Jnr. (1997). A HistoryofAerodynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University House. ISBN 0-521-66955-3. Angelucci...
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