Satellite image of the Himalayas with the Himalayan foreland basin highlighted in purple
The Himalayan foreland basin is an active collisional foreland basin system in South Asia. Uplift and loading of the Eurasian Plate on to the Indian Plate resulted in the flexure (bending) of the Indian Plate, and the creation of a depression adjacent to the Himalayan mountain belt.[1] This depression was filled with sediment eroded from the Himalaya, that lithified and produced a sedimentary basin ~3 to >7 km deep.[2] The foreland basin spans approximately 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) in length and 450 kilometres (280 mi) in width.[3] From west to east the foreland basin stretches across five countries: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan.
The Himalayan foreland basin has been studied within the Himalaya (where the foreland basin succession has been uplifted and exposed in the Sub-Himalaya and Lesser Himalaya), and in the subsurface (where petroleum exploration wells and seismic data are used). The foreland basin fill traces back to the onset development of the foreland basin which started during the Paleogene period around 45 to 50 Ma.[4] Deposition in the foreland basin appears to be diachronous; a lag in time exists between parts of the basin. The western extreme of the basin started developing during the Paleocene around 57-54 Ma, the central portion began developing <2 Ma later, and the basin gets younger as it progresses towards the east.[5][6] The stratigraphic succession of the basin is important as it preserves the sedimentary record of India-Eurasia collision.
^Lyon-Caen, Hélène; Molnar, Peter (October 1985). "Gravity anomalies, flexure of the Indian Plate, and the structure, support and evolution of the Himalaya and Ganga Basin". Tectonics. 4 (6): 513–538. Bibcode:1985Tecto...4..513L. doi:10.1029/tc004i006p00513. ISSN 0278-7407.
^Burbank, D. W.; Beck, R. A.; Mulder, T. (1996). Yin, A.; Harrison, T. M. (eds.). "The Himalayan foreland basin". The Tectonic Evolution of Asia: 149–188 – via Cambridge University Press.
^Decelles, Peter (2012). "20. Foreland basin systems revisited: variations in response to tectonic settings" (PDF). Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins: Recent Advances. p. 413. doi:10.1002/9781444347166.ch20. ISBN 9781444347166.
^Clift, Peter; VanLaningham, Sam (1 October 2010). "A climatic trigger for a major Oligo‐Miocene unconformity in the Himalayan foreland basin". Tectonics. 29 (5): n/a. Bibcode:2010Tecto..29.5014C. doi:10.1029/2010TC002711. S2CID 130624852.
^Singh, B.P. (March 2013). "Evolution of the Paleogene succession of the Western Himalayan foreland basin". Geoscience Frontiers. 4 (2): 199–212. Bibcode:2013GeoFr...4..199S. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2012.09.002.
^DeCelles, P.G.; Gehrels, G.E.; Najman, Y.; Martin, A.J.; Carter, A.; Garzanti, E. (November 2004). "Detrital geochronology and geochemistry of Cretaceous–Early Miocene strata of Nepal: implications for timing and diachroneity of initial Himalayan orogenesis". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 227 (3–4): 313–330. Bibcode:2004E&PSL.227..313D. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.019. ISSN 0012-821X.
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The Himalayanforelandbasin is an active collisional forelandbasin system in South Asia. Uplift and loading of the Eurasian Plate on to the Indian Plate...
interactions and glaciations. An example of forebulge can be seen in the Himalayanforelandbasin, a result of the Indian-Eurasian (continent-continent) plate collision...
Bengal basin is essentially a residual ocean basin and developed on the eastern continental margin of India. The Bengal basin is a forelandbasin with a...
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Nepal Himalayanforelandbasin Najman, Yanina; Clift, Peter; Johnson, Michael R. W.; Robertson, Alastair H. F. (1993). "Early stages of forelandbasin evolution...
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evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation". Earth-Science...
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Formation, the Chitarwata Formation records the sedimentation of the Himalayanforelandbasin during the collision of the Indian and Asian tectonic plates, the...
these are present in all foreland-basin systems. The basin migrates with the orogenic front and early deposited forelandbasin sediments become progressively...
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India), extending known temporal range of mammutids in the southern Himalayanforelandbasin to ~10 million years ago. Fossil material of a mammutid distinct...
represents a recent, active forelandbasin which comprises alluvial sediments derived from the Himalaya. The Sub-Himalayan Sequence mainly represents sediments...
east–west-trending major faults: Northern foreland — Aquitaine Basin Subpyrenean Zone or Subpyrenean Basin North Pyrenean Zone Axial Zone South Pyrenean...
Basement—part of a forelandbasin. The Bhutanese foothills are separated from Precambrian crystalline rock by the 35 kilometer foreland, where rocks are...
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