Herod I[2][3][a] or Herod the Great (c. 72 BCE – c. 4 BCE) was a Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea.[4][5][6] He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea. Among these works are the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem and the expansion of its base[7][8][9]—the Western Wall being part of it. Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE Roman–Jewish historian Josephus.[10]
Herod also appears in the Christian Gospel of Matthew as the ruler of Judea who orders the Massacre of the Innocents at the time of the birth of Jesus, although most Herod biographers do not believe that this event occurred (subsequent references to "Herod" in the New Testament relating to the Roman-appointed Galilean ruler Herod Antipas).[11] Despite his successes, including single-handedly forging a new aristocracy from practically nothing,[12] he has still been criticized by various historians. His reign polarizes opinion among historians, some viewing his legacy as evidence of success, and some viewing it as a reminder of his tyrannical rule.[10]
While Herod the Great is described in the Christian Bible as the author of the Massacre of the Innocents, the remainder of the Biblical references to the "two Herods of the Bible" are all ascribed to Herod Antipas, Herod the Great's son. Upon Herod's death in 4 BCE, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister: his son Herod Antipas received the tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea.
Other family members of Herod the Great include Herod's son Herod Archelaus who became ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea; Herod's son Philip who became tetrarch of territories north and east of the Jordan River; and Herod's sister Salome I, who was given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, and Phasaelis.
^Cite error: The named reference Steinmann 2009, pp. 1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Judaica was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference JE was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Perowne 2003, pp. 92–93.
^Peters, Francis E. (2005). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God The Words And Will of God. Princeton University Press.
^Kasher, Aryeh; Witztum, Eliezer (2007). King Herod: a persecuted persecutor : a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography. Translation by Karen Gold. Walter de Gruyter.
^Antiquities of the Jews, 15.11.6.
^Cf. Babylonian Talmud (Ta'anit 23a).
Herod the Great rebuilt the Temple sanctuary and expanded the Temple Mount at its north side around the older Temple courts, and "enclosed an area double the former size." Formerly, according to the Mishnah (Middot 2:1), the Temple Mount had measured 500 cubits x 500 cubits square, and its expansion was done to accommodate the pilgrims.
^The Jewish War, 1.21.1.
^ abSchwartz, Seth (2014). "Herod to Florus". The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-1-107-04127-1.
^Maier, Paul L. (1998). "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem". In Summers, Ray; Vardaman, Jerry (eds.). Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers. Mercer University Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-0-86554-582-3.
^Cohen 1999, p. 269.
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Herod I or HerodtheGreat (c. 72 BCE – c. 4 BCE) was a Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea. He is known for his colossal building...
both "Herodthe Tetrarch" and "King Herod" in the New Testament, although he never actually held the title of king. He was a son of HerodtheGreat and...
king of Judea. He was a grandson of HerodtheGreat and the father of Herod Agrippa II, the last known king from the Herodian dynasty. He was acquaintance...
The Herodian kingdom was a client state of the Roman Republic ruled from 37 to 4 BC by HerodtheGreat, who was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman...
was the sister of HerodtheGreat and the mother of Berenice by her husband Costobarus, governor of Idumea. She was a nominal queen regnant of the toparchy...
The Second Temple (Hebrew: בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי Bēṯ hamMīqdāš hašŠēnī, transl. 'Second House of the Sanctum'), later known as Herod's Temple...
Herod Agrippa II (Hebrew: אגריפס; AD 27/28 – c. 92 or 100), officially named Marcus Julius Agrippa and sometimes shortened to Agrippa, was the last ruler...
Herod II (ca. 27 BC – 33/34 AD) was the son of HerodtheGreat and Mariamne II, the daughter of Simon Boethus the High Priest, and the first husband of...
Look up herod or Herod in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Herod may refer to: HerodtheGreat (born c. 74 BC, ruled 37–4 BC or 1 BC), client king of Judea...
princess, the daughter of Herod II (son of HerodtheGreat) and princess Herodias. She was granddaughter of HerodtheGreat, and stepdaughter of Herod Antipas...
Philip the Tetrarch (c. 26 BCE. - 34 CE), sometimes called Herod Philip II by modern writers (see "Naming convention"), son of HerodtheGreat and his...
state of the Roman Empire. The Herodian dynasty began with HerodtheGreat, who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century-old...
Jesus' birth with the time of HerodtheGreat. Matthew 2:1 states that "Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herodthe king". He also implies...
I (d. 29 BCE), also called Mariamne the Hasmonean, was a Hasmonean princess and the second wife of HerodtheGreat. Her parents, Alexandra Maccabeus and...
rebuked by Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles records that "Herodthe king" (usually identified with Herod Agrippa) had James executed by the sword. Nixon suggests...
was a son of Herod of Chalcis and his first wife Mariamne. Herod of Chalcis, ruler of Chalcis in Iturea, was a grandson of HerodtheGreat through his...
The Massacre (or Slaughter) of the Innocents is a myth recounted in the Nativity narrative of the Gospel of Matthew (2:16–18) in which Herodthe Great...
on the eastern edge of the Judaean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea 20 km (12 mi) east of Arad. HerodtheGreat built two palaces for himself on the mountain...
excavations there. Herodium is the only site that is named after King HerodtheGreat. It was known by the Crusaders as the "Mountain of Franks". Palestinian...