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Foreign exchange
Exchange rates
Currency band
Exchange rate
Exchange rate regime
Exchange-rate flexibility
Dollarization
Fixed exchange rate
Floating exchange rate
Linked exchange rate
Managed float regime
Dual exchange rate
Markets
Foreign exchange market
Futures exchange
Retail foreign exchange trading
Assets
Currency
Currency future
Currency forward
Non-deliverable forward
Foreign exchange swap
Currency swap
Foreign exchange option
Historical agreements
Bretton Woods Conference
Smithsonian Agreement
Plaza Accord
Louvre Accord
See also
Bureau de change
Hard currency
Currency pair
Foreign exchange fraud
Currency intervention
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In macroeconomics, hard currency, safe-haven currency, or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value. Factors contributing to a currency's hard status might include the stability and reliability of the respective state's legal and bureaucratic institutions, level of corruption, long-term stability of its purchasing power, the associated country's political and fiscal condition and outlook, and the policy posture of the issuing central bank.
Safe haven currency is defined as a currency which behaves like a hedge for a reference portfolio of risky assets conditional on movements in global risk aversion.[1] Conversely, a weak or soft currency is one which is expected to fluctuate erratically or depreciate against other currencies. Softness is typically the result of weak legal institutions and/or political or fiscal instability.
^Habib, Maurizio M.; Stracca, Livio (2012-05-01). "Getting beyond carry trade: What makes a safe haven currency?". Journal of International Economics. Symposium on the Global Dimensions of the Financial Crisis. 87 (1): 50–64. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.12.005. hdl:10419/153722. S2CID 55678634.
In macroeconomics, hardcurrency, safe-haven currency, or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of...
exchange rate of its currency, and to maintain confidence in financial markets. Reserves are held in one or more reserve currencies, nowadays mostly the...
reserve currency can be used in international transactions, international investments and all aspects of the global economy. It is often considered a hard currency...
creation of a 'hard' ECU, which different national currencies could compete against and, if the ECU was successful, could lead to a single currency. The move...
currency for each unit (or decided amount) of foreign currency it has in its vault (often a hardcurrency such as the U.S. dollar or the euro). The surplus...
applicable for both public and private transactions. However, demand for hardcurrency made these exchange rates unavailable in the informal market. Before...
hard-currency shops founded in 1972, during the Communist era in Poland that accepted payment only in United States dollars and other hardcurrencies...
Currency depreciation is the loss of value of a country's currency with respect to one or more foreign reference currencies, typically in a floating exchange...
a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations. A regional currency is a form...
Digital currency (digital money, electronic money or electronic currency) is any currency, money, or money-like asset that is primarily managed, stored...
2013) the authorities weakened the national currency intentionally by withholding the supply of hardcurrency to earn more rial-denominated income, usually...
required its vehicles be sold to the now-foreign Russian market for hardcurrency. Responding to this market opportunity, GAZ swiftly developed its own...
The euro (symbol: €; currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the 27 member states of the European Union. This group of states is officially...
(pronounced "fix"), or currency market) is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies. This market determines...
Look up hard money in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hard money may refer to: Hardcurrency, globally traded currency that can serve as a reliable and...
exchange rate regime in which a currency's value is allowed to fluctuate in response to foreign exchange market events. A currency that uses a floating exchange...
in which a currency's value is fixed or pegged by a monetary authority against the value of another currency, a basket of other currencies, or another...
hardcurrency, that is, currency that was freely convertible. Because the ruble was not freely convertible, the Soviet Union could only acquire hard currency...
developing countries. This contrasts with a hard loan, which has to be paid back in an agreed hardcurrency, usually of a country with a stable, robust...
form of currency, such as banknotes and coins. In bookkeeping and financial accounting, cash is current assets comprising currency or currency equivalents...
(Mi #3364/5). Stamps were to some degree produced for sale to gain hardcurrency abroad, and while valid these stamps were not issued for circulation...
Fiat money is a type of currency that is not backed by a precious metal, such as gold or silver. It is typically designated by the issuing government to...
over $50 billion in hardcurrency revenue losses in a one-year period at current oil prices. The IMF estimated Iran's hardcurrency reserves to be $106...
A currency is a standardization of money in any form, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes and coins. A more general definition...
trade based on bilateral deals between governments, and without using hardcurrency for payment. Bilateral trade agreements often aim to keep trade deficits...
country's currency within a fixed exchange-rate system, in which a monetary authority formally sets a lower exchange rate of the national currency in relation...
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