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Hamas information


Not to be confused with Hamaas.
For other uses, see Hamas (disambiguation).
"Islamic Resistance Movement" redirects here. For other uses, see Islamic Resistance (disambiguation).

Islamic Resistance Movement
حركة المقاومة الإسلامية
Chairman of the Political BureauIsmail Haniyeh
Deputy ChairmanSaleh al-Arouri X
Leader in the Gaza StripYahya Sinwar
Military commanderMohammed Deif
Deputy military commanderMarwan Issa X
Founder
  • Ahmed Yassin X
  • Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi X
... and others
  • Mahmoud al-Zahar
  • Mohammad Taha
  • Imad al-Alami[1]
  • Abdul Fatah Dukhan[2]
  • Ibrahim Fares Al-Yazouri[3]
  • 'Isa al-Nashshar[4]
  • Ibrahim Quqa[5]
  • Mohammed Hassan Shama'a[6]
  • Hassan Yousef[7]
FoundedDecember 10, 1987 (1987-12-10)
Split fromMuslim Brotherhood
HeadquartersGaza City, Gaza Strip
Military wingIzz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Membership20,000–25,000[8]
Ideology
  • Palestinian nationalism[9][a]
  • Islamic nationalism[9][11][b][c]
  • Islamic fundamentalism[14]
  • Islamism[9][15]
  • Anti-Zionism[16]
  • Anti-imperialism[17]
ReligionSunni Islam
Political allianceAlliance of Palestinian Forces
Colours  Green
Palestinian Legislative Council
74 / 132
Party flag
  • Politics of Palestine
  • Political parties
  • Elections
Hamas
Dates of operation1987–present
HeadquartersGaza City, Gaza Strip
Size40,000[18]
AlliesState allies:
  • Hamas Egypt (2011–2013)[19]
  • Hamas Iran[20]
  • Hamas Qatar[21]
  • Hamas Sudan (until 2019, occasionally since 2023)[22][21][23]
  • Hamas Syria (until 2011, again since 2022)[24][25]
  • Hamas Venezuela[26][27]

Non-state allies:

  • Hamas Hezbollah
  • Hamas Houthis[28][29]
  • Hamas Islamic Jihad[30]
  • Hamas Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)[31]
  • Hamas Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)[citation needed]
  • Lions' Den[32]
  • Hamas Popular Mobilization Forces[33]
  • State of Palestine al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades[34]
  • Hamas Popular Resistance Committees (PRC)[35]
OpponentsState opponents:
  • Hamas Bahrain[36][37]
  • Hamas Israel
  • Hamas United Arab Emirates[25]
  • Hamas United States[38]

Non-state opponents:

  • State of Palestine Fatah (reconciliation ongoing)
  • Hamas Islamic State[39][40]
Battles and wars
  • Israeli–Palestinian conflict
  • Gaza–Israel conflict
  • Fatah–Hamas conflict
  • Israeli–Lebanese conflict
Designated as a terrorist group by
  • Hamas Argentina[41]
  • Hamas Australia[42]
  • Hamas Canada[43]
  • Hamas European Union[44]
  • Hamas Israel[45]
  • Hamas New Zealand[46]
  • Hamas Paraguay[47]
  • Hamas United Kingdom[48]
  • Hamas United States[49]

Hamas,[d] an acronym of its official name, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya (Arabic: حركة المقاومة الإسلامية, romanized: Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah, lit. 'Islamic Resistance Movement'),[52] is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist[53] political and military movement governing parts of the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip.[54]

Hamas was founded by Palestinian imam and activist Ahmed Yassin in 1987, after the outbreak of the First Intifada against the Israeli occupation. It emerged from his 1973 Mujama al-Islamiya Islamic charity affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.[55] In 2006, Hamas won the Palestinian legislative election by campaigning on clean government without corruption, combined with affirmation of Palestinians’ right to armed struggle against the Israeli occupation, thus winning a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council.[56] In 2007, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip from rival Palestinian faction Fatah,[57][58] which it has governed since separately from the Palestinian National Authority. This was followed by an Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip with Egyptian support, and multiple wars with Israel, including in 2008–09, 2012, 2014, and 2021. The ongoing 2023 war began after Hamas launched an attack, killing both civilians and soldiers, and taking hostages back to Gaza.[59][60][61] The attack has been described as the biggest military setback for Israel since the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, which Israel has responded to in an ongoing ground invasion of Gaza.[62]

Hamas promotes Palestinian nationalism in an Islamic context.[63] In its 1988 charter, Hamas articulated its objective to establish an Islamic Palestinian state throughout the entire territory of Mandatory Palestine. Subsequently Hamas began acquiescing to 1967 borders in the agreements it signed with Fatah in 2005, 2006 and 2007[64][65][66] In 2017, Hamas released a new charter that supported a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders without recognizing Israel.[67][68][69][70][71] Hamas's repeated offers of a truce (for a period of 10–100 years[72]) based on the 1967 borders are seen by some scholars as consistent with a two-state solution.[73][74][75][76] Other scholars say truce does not imply a permanent peace with or recognition of Israel and that Hamas retains the long-term objective of establishing one state in former Mandatory Palestine.[77][78] The 1988 Hamas charter was widely described as antisemitic.[79][80][81] The revised 2017 Hamas Charter stated that Hamas's struggle was with Zionists, not Jews.[82][83][84]

Hamas has carried out attacks against Israeli soldiers and civilians, including suicide bombings and indiscriminate rocket attacks.[85] These actions have led human rights groups to accuse it of war crimes. Argentina, Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Paraguay, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union[44] have designated Hamas as a terrorist organization. In 2018, a motion at the United Nations to condemn Hamas was rejected.[e][87][88]

  1. ^ Downs, Ray. "Hamas leader dead after 'accidental' gunshot to head". UPI. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  2. ^ Abdelal 2016, p. 122.
  3. ^ Dalloul 2017.
  4. ^ Abu-Amr 1993, p. 10.
  5. ^ Litvak 1998, p. 151.
  6. ^ Barzak 2011.
  7. ^ AFP 2019.
  8. ^ "National Counterterrorism Center | FTOs". www.dni.gov. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Dalacoura 2012, pp. 66–67.
  10. ^ Gelvin 2014, p. 226.
  11. ^ Stepanova 2008, p. 113.
  12. ^ Cheema 2008, p. 465.
  13. ^ Litvak 2004, pp. 156–57.
  14. ^ Maqdsi, Muhammad. "Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine" (PDF). Palestine Studies. University of California Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  15. ^ Dunning 2016, p. 270.
  16. ^ Mišʿal, Šāʾûl; Sela, Avraham; Selaʿ, Avrāhām (2006). The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence ; [with a new introduction]. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. ISBN 9780231116756. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  17. ^ Honig-Parnass, Tikva; Haddad, Toufic (2007). "10: Expanding Regionally, Resisting Locally". Between the Lines. Haymarket Books. p. 297. ISBN 978-1931859-44-8.
  18. ^ Nakhoul, Samia (16 October 2023). "How Hamas secretly built a 'mini-army' to fight Israel". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  19. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (26 July 2013). "Egyptian army questions Mohamed Morsi over alleged Hamas terror links". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  20. ^ "Adviser to Iran's Khamenei expresses support for Palestinian attacks: Report". Al Arabiya. AFP. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023 – via al-Arabiya.
  21. ^ a b Ehl, David (15 May 2021). "What is Hamas and who supports it?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  22. ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Eltahir, Nafisa; Irish, John (23 September 2021). "Sudan closes door on support for Hamas". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  23. ^ "Qatar, Iran, Turkey and beyond: Hamas's network of allies". France 24. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  24. ^ "Experts Weigh in on Regional Impact of Syria-Hamas Rapprochement". VOA News. 20 October 2022. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  25. ^ a b Gidda, Mirren (25 July 2014). "Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left". Time. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  26. ^ "Venezuela's Maduro speaks to Abbas, condemns Israel's actions". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Venezuela holds Israel responsible for escalation in Gaza". Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Houthis, Hamas merge diplomacy around prisoner releases – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  29. ^ "Hamas awards 'Shield of Honor' to Houthi representative in Yemen, sparking outrage in Saudi Arabia". JNS.org. 16 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  30. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  31. ^ "الجبهة الشعبية: قرار الإدارة الأمريكية بتوفير الدعم للكيان هدفه تطويق النتائج الاستراتيجية لمعركة طوفان الأقصى". alahednews.com.lb (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  32. ^ "Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing'". Roya News. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  33. ^ "IRAN UPDATE, OCTOBER 14, 2023". ISW. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  34. ^ "Iran Update, October 17, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  35. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (19 October 2023). "IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  36. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs stresses importance of providing full protection to citizens, ending battle between Hamas, Israeli Forces". Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  37. ^ "Bahrain denounces Hamas kidnappings". www.timesofisrael.com. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  38. ^ "How the US became Israel's closest ally". 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  39. ^ "What Effect ISIS' Declaration Of War Against Hamas Could Have In The Middle East". NPR. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  40. ^ AFP. "Hamas arrests Salafi sheikh over alleged Islamic State ties – Radical cleric Adnan Khader Mayat detained on Sunday by Gaza security forces". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  41. ^ "El gobierno argentino incluirá al grupo Hamás en la lista de organizaciones terroristas – frente a Cano". Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  42. ^ "Entirety of Hamas to be listed as a terrorist organisation". ABC News. 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  43. ^ "Currently listed entities". 21 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  44. ^ a b Boffey, Daniel (26 July 2017). "EU court upholds Hamas terror listing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  45. ^ "Fighting terrorism". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  46. ^ "NZ designates all of Hamas a terrorist entity". 1News. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  47. ^ "Paraguay adds Hamas, Hezbollah to terrorism list". 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  48. ^ "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  49. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  50. ^ "Hamas, n. meanings, etymology and more". Oxford English Dictionary.
  51. ^ Taraki, Lisa (January–February 1989). "The Islamic Resistance Movement in the Palestinian Uprising". Middle East Report. No. 156. Tacoma, WA: MERIP. pp. 30–32. doi:10.2307/3012813. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 3012813. OCLC 615545050. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  52. ^ "HAMAS". National Counterterrorism Center. Director of National Intelligence#Office of the Director of National Intelligence. September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  53. ^ Lopez, Anthony; Ireland, Carol; Ireland, Jane; Lewis, Michael (2020). The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding. Taylor & Francis. p. 239. ISBN 9780429588952. The most successful radical Sunni Islamist group has been Hamas, which began as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine in the early 1980s. It used terrorist attacks against civilians - particularly suicide bombings – to help build a larger movement, going so far as to emerge as the recognized government of the Gaza Strip in the Palestine Authority.
  54. ^ Kear 2018, p. 22.
  55. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  56. ^ Madelene Axelsson (27 January 2006). "Islamistisk politik vinner mark" (in Swedish). Stockholms Fria Tidning. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2006.
  57. ^ Davis 2017, pp. 67–69.
  58. ^ Mukhimer 2012, pp. vii, 58.
  59. ^ Debre, Isabel (8 October 2023). "Israeli hostage crisis in Hamas-ruled Gaza becomes a political trap for Netanyahu". AP News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  60. ^ Gold, Hadas; Murphy, Paul P.; Salma, Abeer; Dahman, Ibrahim; Khadder, Kareem; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Goodwin, Allegra (8 October 2023). "Hamas captures hostages as Israelis share photos of those missing". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  61. ^ Byman, Daniel; Palmer, Alexander (7 October 2023). "What You Need to Know About the Israel-Hamas Violence". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  62. ^ Nakhoul, Samia; Saul, Jonathan (8 October 2023). "How Israel was duped as Hamas planned devastating assault". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  63. ^ Gelvin 2014, p. 226
  64. ^ Seurat 2019, pp. 17–19: "Indeed, since 2006, Hamas has unceasingly highlighted its acceptance of the 1967 borders, as well as accords signed by the PLO and Israel. This position has been an integral part of reconciliation agreements between Hamas and Fatah since 2005: the Cairo Agreement in 2005, the Prisoners’ Document in 2006, the Mecca Agreement in 2007 and finally the Cairo and Doha Agreements in 2011 and 2012."
  65. ^ *Baconi 2018, pp. 114–116: "[“Prisoners’ Document”] enshrined many issues that had already been settled, including statehood on the 1967 borders; UN Resolution 194 for the right of return; and the right to resist within the occupied territories...This agreement was in essence a key text that offered a platform for unity between Hamas and Fatah within internationally defined principles animating the Palestinian struggle."
    * Roy 2013, p. 210 "Khaled Meshal, as chief of Hamas's Political Bureau in Damascus, as well as Hamas prime minister Ismail Haniyeh similarly confirmed the organization's willingness to accept the June 4, 1967, borders and a two-state solution should Israel withdraw from the occupied territories, a reality reaffirmed in the 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document, in which most major Palestinian factions had reached a consensus on a two-state solution, that is, a Palestinian state within 1967 borders including East Jerusalem and the refugee right of return."
  66. ^ Baconi 2018, pp. 82: "The Cairo Declaration formalized what Hamas’s military disposition throughout the Second Intifada had alluded to: that the movement’s immediate political goals were informed by the desire to create a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders."
  67. ^ Sources that judge Hamas' 2017 charter to have accepted the 1967 borders
    • Bjorn Brenner. Gaza Under Hamas. I. B. Tauris. p. 206.
    • Mohammed Ayoob. The Many Faces of Political Islam, Second Edition. University of Michigan Press. p. 133.
    • Maria Koinova. Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States. Oxford University Press. p. 150.
    • Zartman 2020, p. 230
    • Asaf Siniver (ed.). Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.
    • Seurat 2019, pp. 61–62
  68. ^ "What does Israel's declaration of war mean for Palestinians in Gaza?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  69. ^ "What will the Israeli-Palestinian conflict look like in 30 years?". Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024. Even Hamas in 2017 said it was ready to accept a Palestinian state with 1967 borders if it is clear this is the consensus of the Palestinians.
  70. ^ "Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders: Khaled Meshaal presents a new document in which Hamas accepts 1967 borders without recognising state of Israel Gaza". Al Jazeera. 2 May 2017. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  71. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Finn, Tom (1 May 2017). "Hamas softens stance on Israel, drops Muslim Brotherhood link". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  72. ^ Cite error: The named reference atran was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  73. ^ Halim Rane (2009). Reconstructing Jihad Amid Competing International Norms. p. 34. Asher Susser, director of the Dayan Centre at Tel Aviv University, conveyed to me in an interview that "Hamas' 'hudna' is not significantly different from Sharon's 'long-term interim agreement." Similarly, Daniel Levy, a senior Israeli official for the Geneva Initiative (GI), informed me that certain Hamas officials find the GI acceptable, but due to the concerns about their Islamically oriented constituency and their own Islamic identity, they would "have to express the final result in terms of a "hudna," or "indefinite" ceasefire," rather than a formal peace agreement."
  74. ^ Baconi 2018, p. 108Hamas’s finance minister in Gaza stated that “a long-term ceasefire as understood by Hamas and a two-state settlement are the same. It’s just a question of vocabulary.”
  75. ^ Loren D. Lybarger (2020). Palestinian Chicago. University of California Press. p. 199. Hamas too would signal a willingness to accept a long-term "hudna" (cessation of hostilities, truce) along the armistice lines of 1948 (an effective acceptance of the two-state formula).
  76. ^ Tristan Dunning (2016). Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy. Routledge. pp. 179–180.
  77. ^ Cite error: The named reference Alsoos was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  78. ^ Faeq, Nasir; Jahnata, Diego (2020). "The Historical Antecedents of Hamas". International Journal of Social Science Research and Review. 3 (3): 33. doi:10.47814/ijssrr.v3i3.49. S2CID 234607095.
  79. ^ May, Tiffany (8 October 2023). "A Quick Look at Hamas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  80. ^ Staff, The (9 October 2023). "Two-state solution: Israeli-Palestinian history". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  81. ^ "Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza and what laws govern the conflict?". CNN. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  82. ^ Seurat 2019, p. 17.
  83. ^ Timea Spitka (2023). National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Springer International Publishing. pp. 88–89.
  84. ^ "Khaled Meshaal: Struggle is against Israel, not Jews". Al-Jazeera. 6 May 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  85. ^ Litvak, Meir (2010). ""Martyrdom is Life": Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 33 (8): 716–734. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170. S2CID 144566931. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  86. ^ DW 2018.
  87. ^ "National Counterterrorism Center | Groups – Hamas". www.dni.gov. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  88. ^ Dupret, Baudouin; Lynch, Michael; Berard, Tim (2015). Law at Work: Studies in Legal Ethnomethods. Oxford University Press. p. 279. ISBN 9780190210243. [It has been alleged that] Hamas cynically abuses its own civilian population and their suffering for propaganda purposes.


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