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The halo effect (sometimes called the halo error) is the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one's opinion or feelings.[1][2] Halo effect is ”the name given to the phenomenon whereby evaluators tend to be influenced by their previous judgments of performance or personality.”[3] The halo effect is a cognitive bias which can prevent someone from forming an image of a person, a product or a brand based on the sum of all objective circumstances at hand.
The term was coined by Edward Thorndike. A simplified example of the halo effect is a person, after noticing that an individual in a photograph is attractive, well groomed, and properly attired, then assuming, using a mental heuristic, that the person in the photograph is a good person based upon the rules of their own social concept.[4][5][6] This constant error in judgment is reflective of the individual's preferences, prejudices, ideology, aspirations, and social perception.[7][6][8][9][10]
- ^ "Halo Effect | Definition of Halo Effect by Lexico". Archived from the original on August 2, 2017.
- ^ Al Ries (17 Apr 2006). "Understanding Marketing Psychology and the Halo Effect". Advertising Age. Crain Publications. Retrieved 2017-07-31.
- ^ Bethel, Ann; Knapp, T (2010). "Halo Effect". Dictionary of Nursing and Research. 4th – via Credo Reference.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Nisbett, Richard E.; Wilson, Timothy D. (1977). "The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 35 (4): 250–256. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250. hdl:2027.42/92158. S2CID 17867385.
- ^ a b Gibson, Jeremy L.; Gore, Jonathan S. (December 2016). "Is He a Hero or a Weirdo? How Norm Violations Influence the Halo Effect". Gender Issues. 33 (4): 299–310. doi:10.1007/s12147-016-9173-6. S2CID 151849084.
- ^ Lachman, Sheldon J.; Bass, Alan R. (November 1985). "A Direct Study of Halo Effect". The Journal of Psychology. 119 (6): 535–540. doi:10.1080/00223980.1985.9915460.
- ^ Wade, T. Joel; DiMaria, Cristina (1 May 2003). "Weight Halo Effects: Individual Differences in Perceived Life Success as a Function of Women's Race and Weight". Sex Roles. 48 (9): 461–465. doi:10.1023/A:1023582629538. S2CID 141143275.
- ^ Greenwald, Anthony G.; Banaji, Mahzarin R. (1995). "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes". Psychological Review. 102 (1): 4–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.411.2919. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4. PMID 7878162. S2CID 8194189.
- ^ Levy, Leon H.; Dugan, Robert D. (July 1960). "A constant error approach to the study of dimensions of social perception". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 61 (1): 21–24. doi:10.1037/h0042208. PMID 14416418.