Human experimentation conducted by US doctors in Guatemala
Guatemala
The Guatemala syphilis experiments were United States-led human experiments conducted in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948. The experiments were led by physician John Charles Cutler, who also participated in the late stages of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. Doctors infected 1,300 people, including at least 600 soldiers and people from various impoverished groups (including, but not limited to, sex workers, orphans, inmates of mental hospitals, and prisoners) with syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid, without the informed consent of the subjects. Only 700 of them received treatment. In total, 5,500 people were involved in all research experiments, of whom 83 died by the end of 1953, though it is unknown whether or not the injections were responsible for all these deaths.[1] Serology studies continued through 1953 involving the same vulnerable populations in addition to children from state-run schools, an orphanage, and rural towns. However, the intentional infection of patients ended with the original study.
On October 1, 2010, the U.S. President, Secretary of State, and Secretary of Health and Human Services[2] formally apologized to Guatemala for the ethical violations. Guatemala condemned the experiment as a crime against humanity. Multiple unsuccessful lawsuits have since been filed in the US.[3][4][5]
Professor Susan Mokotoff Reverby of Wellesley College uncovered information about these experiments in Cutler's archived papers in 2005 while researching the Tuskegee syphilis study. She shared her findings with United States government officials.[6][7] Francis Collins, the NIH director at the time of the revelations, called the experiments "a dark chapter in history of medicine" and commented that modern rules prohibit conducting human subject research without informed consent.[8]
^"Guatemalans 'died' in 1940s US syphilis study". BBC News. 29 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
^"U.S. apologizes for syphilis experiment in Guatemala". Reuters. 2010-10-01. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
^Kakar, Aman (15 March 2011). "Guatemalans file class action suit over US medical experiments". JURIST. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015.
^"Docket for Estate of Arturo Giron Alvarez v. The Johns Hopkins University, 19-1530 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
^"Garcia v. Sebelius – CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
^Cite error: The named reference CDCFactScheet3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference boston2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (2010-10-01). "U.S. Apologizes for Syphilis Tests in Guatemala". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
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