For the concept in topology, see Grid cell topology.
Trajectory of a rat through a square environment is shown in black. Red dots indicate locations at which a particular entorhinal grid cell fired.
A grid cell is a type of neuron within the entorhinal cortex that fires at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance, and direction.[1] Grid cells have been found in many animals, including rats,[1] mice,[2] bats,[3] monkeys,[4] and humans.[5][6]
Grid cells were discovered in 2005 by Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser, and their students Torkel Hafting, Marianne Fyhn, and Sturla Molden at the Centre for the Biology of Memory (CBM) in Norway. They were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with John O'Keefe for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain. The arrangement of spatial firing fields, all at equal distances from their neighbors, led to a hypothesis that these cells encode a neural representation of Euclidean space.[1] The discovery also suggested a mechanism for dynamic computation of self-position based on continuously updated information about position and direction.
Grid cells derive their name from the fact that connecting the centers of their firing fields gives a triangular grid.
To detect grid cell activity in a typical rat experiment, an electrode which can record single-neuron activity is implanted in the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex and collects recordings as the rat moves around freely in an open arena. The resulting data can be visualized by marking the rat's position on a map of the arena every time that neuron fires an action potential. These marks accumulate over time to form a set of small clusters, which in turn form the vertices of a grid of equilateral triangles. The regular triangle pattern distinguishes grid cells from other types of cells that show spatial firing. By contrast, if a place cell from the rat hippocampus is examined in the same way, then the marks will frequently only form one cluster (one "place field") in a given environment, and even when multiple clusters are seen, there is no perceptible regularity in their arrangement.
^ abcHafting, T.; Fyhn, M.; Molden, S.; Moser, M. B.; Moser, E. I. (2005). "Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex". Nature. 436 (7052): 801–806. Bibcode:2005Natur.436..801H. doi:10.1038/nature03721. PMID 15965463. S2CID 4405184.
^Fyhn, M.; Hafting, T.; Witter, M. P.; Moser, E. I.; Moser, M. B. (2008). "Grid cells in mice". Hippocampus. 18 (12): 1230–1238. doi:10.1002/hipo.20472. PMID 18683845. S2CID 25196865.
^Yartsev, M. M.; Witter, M. P.; Ulanovsky, N. (2011). "Grid cells without theta oscillations in the entorhinal cortex of bats". Nature. 479 (7371): 103–107. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..103Y. doi:10.1038/nature10583. PMID 22051680. S2CID 1978069.
^Killian, N. J.; Jutras, M. J.; Buffalo, E. A. (2012). "A map of visual space in the primate entorhinal cortex". Nature. 491 (7426): 761–4. Bibcode:2012Natur.491..761K. doi:10.1038/nature11587. PMC 3565234. PMID 23103863.
^Jacobs, J.; Weidemann, C. T.; Miller, J. F.; Solway, A.; Burke, J. F.; Wei, X. X.; Suthana, N.; Sperling, M. R.; Sharan, A. D.; Fried, I.; Kahana, M. J. (2013). "Direct recordings of grid-like neuronal activity in human spatial navigation". Nature Neuroscience. 16 (9): 1188–90. doi:10.1038/nn.3466. PMC 3767317. PMID 23912946.
^Doeller, C. F.; Barry, C.; Burgess, N. (2010). "Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network". Nature. 463 (7281): 657–661. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..657D. doi:10.1038/nature08704. PMC 3173857. PMID 20090680.
A gridcell is a type of neuron within the entorhinal cortex that fires at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand...
The gridcell topology is studied in digital topology as part of the theoretical basis for (low-level) algorithms in computer image analysis or computer...
region-point in the grid is called a cell. When each cell of a grid is subject to a recursive partition, resulting in a "series of discrete global grids with progressively...
A cell site, cell phone tower, cell base tower, or cellular base station is a cellular-enabled mobile device site where antennas and electronic communications...
place cells are derivatives of gridcells, pyramidal cells in the entorhinal cortex. This theory suggests that the place fields of the place cells are a...
BR-AM for Amazonas state). DGG cell ID. Identifier of a cell of a discrete global grid: a Geohash code (e.g. ~0.023 km2 cell 6vjyngd at the Brazilian's center)...
occupancy probability for each gridcell. It is common to use a log-odds representation of the probability that each gridcell is occupied. Robotic mapping...
Speed cells are neurons whose firing rates depend on an animal's speed through its environment. Together with place cells, gridcells, boundary cells, and...
candidate point, first find the unique gridcell in which the point lies. Then, identify the 2n corners of that cell and their associated gradient vectors...
space. Each gridcell is referenced by its x,y coordinate location. In Esri grid data, the first six lines indicate the reference of the grid, followed...
An alphanumeric grid (also known as atlas grid) is a simple coordinate system on a grid in which each cell is identified by a combination of a letter and...
A grid connected system is connected to a larger independent grid (typically the public electricity grid) and feeds energy directly into the grid. This...
The Grid are an English electronic dance group, consisting of David Ball (formerly of Soft Cell) and Richard Norris, with guest contributions from other...
border cells, rather than gridcells, provide the first critical spatial input to hippocampal place cells. Place cell Head direction cellGridcell Speed...
A grid illusion is any kind of grid that deceives a person's vision. The two most common types of grid illusions are the Hermann grid illusion and the...
shader associated with the rendering pipeline; not a compute shader. Gridcell index Integer coordinates in a multidimensional array. HDR High dynamic...
More precisely: Randomly distribute feature points in space organized as gridcells. In practice this is done on the fly without storage (as a procedural...
called a projected coordinate reference system, planar coordinate system, or grid reference system – is a type of spatial reference system that represents...
each gridcell, e.g., at the grid center or at the grid corners. The Arakawa A-grid is the only unstaggered grid type. The "staggered" Arakawa B-grid separates...
user and a grid generator is used to accomplish this task. The information storage in structured scheme is cell to cell instead of grid to grid and hence...
“circles” in the parameter space that passing through the corresponding gridcell in the parameter space. The number is also called “voting number”. Initially...
Look up grid or GRID in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Grid, The Grid, or GRID may refer to: Regular grid, a tessellation of space with translational...
are very useful in finite element and finite volume methods. Each cell in the grid can be addressed by index (i, j) in two dimensions or (i, j, k) in...
Other primary wet cells are the Leclanche cell, Grove cell, Bunsen cell, Chromic acid cell, Clark cell, and Weston cell. The Leclanche cell chemistry was...
and his then-wife May-Britt Moser discovered gridcells in the brain's medial entorhinal cortex. Gridcells are specialized neurons that provide the brain...
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by means of the photovoltaic...
Global Information
