Physical constant relating the gravitational force between objects to their mass and distance
Not to be confused with g, the gravity of Earth.
Value of G
Unit
6.67430(15)×10−11[1]
N⋅m2⋅kg−2
6.67430(15)×10−8
dyn⋅cm2⋅g−2
4.3009172706(3)×10−3
pc⋅M⊙−1⋅(km/s)2
The gravitational constant G is a key quantity in Newton's law of universal gravitation.
The gravitational constant (also known as the universal gravitational constant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or the Cavendish gravitational constant),[a] denoted by the capital letter G, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.
In Newton's law, it is the proportionality constant connecting the gravitational force between two bodies with the product of their masses and the inverse square of their distance. In the Einstein field equations, it quantifies the relation between the geometry of spacetime and the energy–momentum tensor (also referred to as the stress–energy tensor).
The measured value of the constant is known with some certainty to four significant digits. In SI units, its value is approximately 6.674×10−11 N⋅m2/kg2.[1]
The modern notation of Newton's law involving G was introduced in the 1890s by C. V. Boys. The first implicit measurement with an accuracy within about 1% is attributed to Henry Cavendish in a 1798 experiment.[b]
^ ab"2018 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
and 27 Related for: Gravitational constant information
The gravitationalconstant (also known as the universal gravitationalconstant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or the Cavendish gravitational constant)...
celestial mechanics, the standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitationalconstant G and the total mass M of the...
The Gaussian gravitationalconstant (symbol k) is a parameter used in the orbital mechanics of the Solar System. It relates the orbital period to the orbit's...
{\displaystyle \Lambda } is the cosmological constant and κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is the Einstein gravitationalconstant. The Einstein tensor is defined as G...
observed gravitational acceleration at a location Gravity of Mars – Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars Newton's law of universal gravitation – Classical...
Gravitational energy or gravitational potential energy is the potential energy a massive object has in relation to another massive object due to gravity...
vacuum c, the gravitationalconstant G, the Planck constant h, the electric constant ε0, and the elementary charge e. Physical constants can take many...
universal constants that, by definition, have a numeric value 1 when expressed in these units are: c, the speed of light in vacuum, G, the gravitational constant...
gravitational mass determines the strength of the gravitational field generated by an object. Passive gravitational mass measures the gravitational force...
physics. Gravitation, also known as gravitational attraction, is the mutual attraction between all masses in the universe. Gravity is the gravitational attraction...
In physics, a gravitational field or gravitational acceleration field is a vector field used to explain the influences that a body extends into the space...
conditions as calculated from the current gravitational and geometric circumstances of the body's constantly-changing, perturbed orbit. Mean motion is...
experiments. Gravitational time dilation is closely related to gravitational redshift, in which the closer a body emitting light of constant frequency is...
yield accurate values for the gravitationalconstant. Because of the unit conventions then in use, the gravitationalconstant does not appear explicitly...
force is called elastic potential energy; work of the gravitational force is called gravitational potential energy; work of the Coulomb force is called...
large numbers hypothesis. However, Richard Feynman showed that the gravitationalconstant most likely could not have changed this much in the past 4 billion...
{GM}{x}},} where G is the gravitationalconstant, and F is the gravitational force. The product GM is the standard gravitational parameter and is often known...
the gravitationalconstant, which is the fundamental physical constant known with least accuracy, due to the relative weakness of the gravitational force...
of the gravitational source. It is a vector oriented toward the field source, of magnitude measured in acceleration units. The gravitational acceleration...
motion in a gravitational field, written out in full, is: inertial mass × acceleration = gravitational mass × intensity of the gravitational field Very...
Jupiter is needed in SI units, it can be calculated in terms of the gravitationalconstant, G by dividing GM by G. The majority of Jupiter's mass is hydrogen...
Pioneers of gravitational theory In physics, theories of gravitation postulate mechanisms of interaction governing the movements of bodies with mass. There...
{\displaystyle r_{\text{s}}={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}},} where G is the gravitationalconstant, M is the object mass, and c is the speed of light. In 1916, Karl...
astronomical unit of length is that length (A) for which the Gaussian gravitationalconstant (k) takes the value 0.01720209895 when the units of measurement...
ɡ0 or ɡn, is the nominal gravitational acceleration of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the Earth. It is a constant defined by standard as 9...
earth hypothesis. Paul Dirac suggested in 1938 that the universal gravitationalconstant had decreased during the billions of years of its existence. This...
the gravitational binding energy U is given by the formula U = − 3 G M 2 5 R {\displaystyle U=-{\frac {3GM^{2}}{5R}}} where G is the gravitational constant...
Global Information