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Goulash Communism (Hungarian: gulyáskommunizmus), also known as refrigerator communism (Hungarian: fridzsiderkommunizmus),[1]Kádárism or the Hungarian Thaw, is the variety of state socialism in the Hungarian People's Republic following the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. During János Kádár's period of leadership, the Hungarian People's Republic implemented policies with the goal to create a high standard of living for the people of Hungary coupled with economic reforms. These reforms fostered a sense of well-being and relative cultural freedom in Hungary, giving it the reputation of being "the happiest barracks"[2] of the Eastern Bloc during the 1960s to the 1970s. With elements of regulated market economics as well as an improved human rights record, it represented a quiet reform and deviation from the Stalinist principles applied to Hungary in the previous decade.
The name is a metaphor derived from goulash, a traditional Hungarian dish. Goulash is made with an assortment of dissimilar ingredients; here, it represents how Hungarian communism became a mixed ideology, no longer strictly adhering to the Marxist–Leninist interpretations of the prior decade.[3] Nikita Khrushchev was the first to use the term when he wanted to highlight Hungary's economic developments.[4] This period of "pseudo-consumerism" saw an increase of consumption of consumer goods as well.[2] During the Kádár era, Hungary became the most consumption-oriented country of the Eastern Bloc, with the highest standard of living.[5]
The phrase "the happiest barracks" was coined in the 1970s to describe the socialist state during this period. The word "happiest" referred to the Hungarian People's Republic having the highest standard of living of all the Soviet-bloc countries. It was the easiest place to travel abroad and the quickest to get access to Western products and culture. The country, however, remained under firm party control.[6]
^Árpád von Klimó [de], Hungary Since 1945, Routledge, 2018, ISBN 9780367884369, Ch. 6: "Lifestyles in transition"
^ abNyyssönen, Heino (1 June 2006). "Salami reconstructed". Cahiers du monde russe. 47 (1–2): 153–172. doi:10.4000/monderusse.3793. ISSN 1252-6576.
^Matveev, Yuri V.; Trubetskaya, Olga V.; Lunin, Igor A.; Matveev, Kirill Y. (2018-03-23). "Institutional aspect of the Russian economy regional development". Problems and Perspectives in Management. 16 (1): 381–391. doi:10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.36. ISSN 1727-7051.
^Shu, Wang. "The Origins of Goulash Communism". Archived from the original on December 9, 2020.
^Henry Kamm Special to The New York Times (June 12, 1975)
^Bence, Mezey (2022-04-25). "A "legvidámabb barakk" – Kerekasztal a Kádár-rendszer (újra)értékeléséről". Ujkor.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2023-02-27.
GoulashCommunism (Hungarian: gulyáskommunizmus), also known as refrigerator communism (Hungarian: fridzsiderkommunizmus), Kádárism or the Hungarian Thaw...
human face, and János Kádár's GoulashCommunism. Communist parties that have sought to follow their own variant of communism by combining communist/socialist...
ISBN 978-615-5053-40-5. Benczes, István (26 February 2016). "From goulashcommunism to goulash populism: the unwanted legacy of Hungarian reform socialism"...
parallels might be drawn with the New Economic Mechanism or so-called GoulashCommunism in Hungary under Kádár, although this was not a pure Lange-model system...
introduced market forces into their economies such as in Hungary's GoulashCommunism, which inaugurated the New Economic Mechanism reforms in 1968 that...
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remaining rebel forces, then embarked on cautious reforms to create a "GoulashCommunism"[citation needed] that differentiated Hungary from its Warsaw Pact...
Hungarian Germans, under a program of economic liberalization called GoulashCommunism. This movement, led by the then-General Secretary of the Hungarian...
Thaw Economic reforms in 1957 (Russian Wikipedia) Era of Stagnation GoulashCommunism Polish October (Gomułka Thaw) William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man...
Indeed, subsequent to the 1956 revolution, the softening effects of GoulashCommunism helped enable artists to begin to express themselves such that by...
Soviet sphere because of the ideological mixture it required. The name GoulashCommunism was jokingly (but tellingly) applied to this mixture. The Hungarian...
elements of market socialism were introduced in Hungary (nicknamed goulashcommunism), Czechoslovakia (sloganized as socialism with a human face), Yugoslavia...
East-West contacts. From the 1970s onwards, Hungary pursued a so-called goulashcommunism, which allowed more economic and social freedoms than the orthodox...