Goniopora toxin information

Goniopora toxin (GPT) is a polypeptide toxin from the marine Goniopora species coral.^[1] Two toxins from this source have been identified, one acting on sodium channels and one acting on calcium channels.^[2]^[3]^[4]

^ Wu, C.H.; Narahashi, T. (1988). "Mechanism of Action of Novel Marine Neurotoxins on Ion Channels". Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 28: 141–161. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.28.040188.001041. PMID 2454608.
^ Noda, M.; Muramatsu, I.; Fujiwara, M.; Ashida, K. (1985). "Effects of Goniopora Toxin on Bullfrog Atrial Muscle Are Frequency-dependent". Pharmacology. 330 (1): 59–66. doi:10.1007/BF00586710. PMID 2413371. S2CID 24965155.
^ Muramatsu, I.; Fujiwara, M.; Ikushima, S.; Ashida, K. (1980). "Effects of Goniopora Toxin on Guinea-Pig Blood Vessels". Pharmacology. 312 (2): 193–197. doi:10.1007/BF00569730. PMID 6250087. S2CID 6724101.
^ Qar, J.; Schweitz, H.; Schmid, A.; Lazdunski, M. (1986). "A Polypeptide Toxin From the Coral Goniopora: Purification and Action on Ca2+ Channels". FEBS Lett. 202 (2): 331–336. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80712-8. PMID 2424789. S2CID 11300327.

[a-1] Wu, C.H.; Narahashi, T. (1988). "Mechanism of Action of Novel Marine Neurotoxins on Ion Channels". Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 28: 141–161. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.28.040188.001041. PMID 2454608.

[b-2] Noda, M.; Muramatsu, I.; Fujiwara, M.; Ashida, K. (1985). "Effects of Goniopora Toxin on Bullfrog Atrial Muscle Are Frequency-dependent". Pharmacology. 330 (1): 59–66. doi:10.1007/BF00586710. PMID 2413371. S2CID 24965155.

[c-3] Muramatsu, I.; Fujiwara, M.; Ikushima, S.; Ashida, K. (1980). "Effects of Goniopora Toxin on Guinea-Pig Blood Vessels". Pharmacology. 312 (2): 193–197. doi:10.1007/BF00569730. PMID 6250087. S2CID 6724101.

[d-4] Qar, J.; Schweitz, H.; Schmid, A.; Lazdunski, M. (1986). "A Polypeptide Toxin From the Coral Goniopora: Purification and Action on Ca2+ Channels". FEBS Lett. 202 (2): 331–336. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80712-8. PMID 2424789. S2CID 11300327.