Gongylonema ingluvicola information

Gongylonema ingluvicola
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Chromadorea
Order:	Rhabditida
Family:	Gongylonematidae
Genus:	Gongylonema
Species:	G. ingluvicola
Binomial name
	Gongylonema ingluvicola; Ransom, 1904

Gongylonema ingluvicola is a species in the genus Gongylonema. It is one of the spirurid nematodes that infect a vast array of animals throughout the world. Infections have been noted in both humans and in animals ranging from cows to birds. As of recent, there have been 50+ human cases reported in countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Middle East, China, and United States.^[1]

G. ingluvicola, like other tissue-dwelling species, require an insect intermediate host to ingest eggs. Infections result from the ingestion of intermediate hosts containing L₃ stage nematodes. Upon ingestion of the insect by an appropriate host, the larvae are released and can migrate to the esophagus or buccal cavity. Humans are an accidental host who occasionally get infected by ingesting infected poultry or insects.^[2] Infected humans have described a moving sensation in the buccal cavity which includes, but is not limited to, lips, gums, tongue, and palate. Symptoms include local irritation, pharyngitis and stomatitis and bloody oozing patches in the mouth.^[1]^[2]

G. ingluvicola is commonly recognized in the esophageal epithelium of birds such as chickens, turkeys and pigeons. This worm stage burrows through the epithelium, leaving trails of eggs which find their way to the lumen, get swallowed, and eventually pass in feces. A related species, G. pulchrum, infects a variety of mammals but rarely humans.^[3]

^ ^a ^b Sullivan, John (2011). A Color Atlas of Parasitology. University of San Francisco. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0-9665807-7-8.
^ ^a ^b Eberhard, Mark; Buillo, Christopher (1999). "Human Gongylonema infection in a resident of New York City" (PDF). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 61 (1): 51–52. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.51. PMID 10432055. S2CID 13404446.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Parasites of Crops". Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2012-12-12.

[Sullivan-1] Sullivan, John (2011). A Color Atlas of Parasitology. University of San Francisco. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0-9665807-7-8.

[Eberhard-2] Eberhard, Mark; Buillo, Christopher (1999). "Human Gongylonema infection in a resident of New York City" (PDF). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 61 (1): 51–52. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.51. PMID 10432055. S2CID 13404446.^{[permanent dead link]}

[Tuskegee-3] "Parasites of Crops". Archived from the original on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2012-12-12.