This article is about the anonymous account of the First Crusade. For the account of Fulcher of Chartres, see Gesta Francorum Iherusalem peregrinantium. For the account attributed to Bartolf of Nangis, see Gesta Francorum Iherusalem expugnantium.
The Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks), or Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum (Deeds of the Franks and the other pilgrims to Jerusalem), is a Latin chronicle of the First Crusade by an anonymous author connected with Bohemond of Taranto.[1]
It narrates the events of the First Crusade from the Council of Clermont in 1095 to the Battle of Ascalon in August 1099. The name of the author is unknown, but he was a member of the crusading party, either Norman or Italian, recruited by Bohemond in 1096 from Apulia in the Duchy of Naples. His narrative of the trip to Jerusalem, initially under the leadership of Bohemond and then Raymond of Toulouse, was composed and written during the journey. He had the help of a scribe who made occasional edits of his own, and thus the chronicle provides invaluable viewpoints of a knight who was not a high level leader or cleric.
The most important historical contribution is the day-to-day events of the journey: tactical operations, provisioning, changing moods of the crusaders, the anti-Greek prejudice, and progress of each day.
To his literary contemporaries, the anonymous author was a "rustic". Guibert of Nogent wrote his Dei gesta per Francos (1108) based on it, saying the original "frequently left the reader stunned with its insipid vacuity". Robert the Monk was later commissioned to re-write the entire work as Historia Hierosolymitana for literary and historical improvements. It was later rewritten by Baudri of Dol and in the Historia Belli Sacri. However the original has persisted and today it remains one of the most valuable contemporary sources of the First Crusade.[2]
Steven Runciman[3] writes of the Gesta:
The author was a simple soldier, honest according to his lights but credulous and prejudiced and a strong admirer of Bohemond .... who hawked it round Northern France during his visit there in 1106. .... it was republished by Tudebod .... and about 1130 in the Historia Belli Sacri, a clumsy compilation [using other sources, e.g., Radulph of Caen.] .... The Gesta was several times rewritten; in about 1109 by Guibert of Nogent, who added personal information and borrowed from Fulcher and who aimed at a more critical and moral tone; in about 1110 by Baudri of Bourgueil, Archbishop of Dol, who sought to improve its literary style; and by Robert of Rheims, whose popular and somewhat romantic version, the Historia Hierosolymitana, appeared in about 1122. It also inspired a short anonymous Expedition contra Turcos, and the chapters on the Crusades in the chronicles of Hugh of Fleury and Henry of Huntington.
The Gesta Francorum closely parallels the account of the First Crusade by the priest and crusader Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere. Both chronicles have highly similar details and phrasing, but each account also contains minor details not found in the other. Historians and paleographers dispute the relationship between the chronicles and the order in which they appeared. Historian Jay Rubenstein has suggested that the texts share a fuller, common source which has since been lost.[4] This is disputed by Marcus Bull who claims that the Gesta is indeed “the earliest surviving narrative telling the course of the First Crusade.”[5]
^Allen, S. J.; Amt, Emilie (2014). The Crusades : a reader. University of Toronto Press. p. 56. ISBN 9781442608948. OCLC 864394724.
^Lapina, Elizabeth (2015). Warfare and the Miraculous in the Chronicles of the First Crusade. Pennsylvania State University Press.
^The First Crusade; Volume 1 of A History of the Crusades, Appendix I (Cambridge University Press, 1951)
^Rubenstein, Jay (2005). "What is the Gesta Francorum, and who was Peter Tudebode?". Revue Mabillon. 16: 179–204. doi:10.1484/J.RM.2.303576.
^Bull, Marcus (2012). The Relationship Between the Gesta Francorum and Peter Tudebode’s Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere. In Crusades, Volume 11 (2012). By Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan Phillips, Jonathan Riley-Smith.
considered a separate work. He has proposed the new title Historia vel GestaFrancorum which occurs in the colophon mentioned above. He has suggested that...
likely under the form Deus le veult or Deus lo vult, as reported by the GestaFrancorum (ca. 1100) and the Historia Belli Sacri (ca. 1130). In modern times...
The GestaFrancorum Iherusalem peregrinantium (A history of the expedition to Jerusalem) is a Latin chronicle of the First Crusade written on 1101, 1106...
Historia belli sacri; (4) Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem by Raymond of Aguilers; (5) GestaFrancorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium by Fulcher...
century, a narrative of the First Crusade GestaFrancorum, "The Deeds of the Franks", in full GestaFrancorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum ("The deeds...
chroniclers, comparable in importance to the GestaFrancorum and Fulcher of Chartres. The Historia Francorum was probably written during the crusade. It...
anonymous GestaFrancorum ("The Deeds of the Franks" dated c. 1100/1101); Fulcher of Chartres, who was present at the council, in his GestaFrancorum Iherusalem...
conventional name given to the author of the GestaFrancorum Iherusalem expugnantium, a history of the First Crusade. The Gesta is known from seven manuscripts. It...
Liber Historiae Francorum (English: "The Book of the History of the Franks") is a chronicle written anonymously during the 8th century. The first sections...
portions of the work concerning the First Crusade were derived from GestaFrancorum Iherusalem peregrinantium, a chronicle by Fulcher of Chartres. Sharpe...
Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana GestaFrancorum (anonymous) Raymond of Aguilers, Historia francorum qui ceperunt Jerusalem Mayer, Hans Eberhard...
Pickering. GestaFrancorum (1866). GestaFrancorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum. RHC Occ 3.VI. Guibert of Nogent (1879). Historia quae dicitur Gesta Dei per...
Three sources he cites appear to be lost: the Annales Caesarum, GestaFrancorum and Gesta Anglorum. Among documentary sources, Adam had access to letters...
from 1098, some material in his chronicle was derived from GestaFrancorum and Historia Francorum. The three volumes were written from 1100–1106, 1109–1115...
The Gesta Dagoberti ('Deeds of Dagobert'), fully Gesta domni Dagoberti regis Francorum ('Deeds of Lord Dagobert, King of the Franks'), is an anonymous...
with the figure of St. George after the region adopted Christianity. GestaFrancorum contains a description of the First Crusade, where soldiers fighting...
Præfatio by French historian Jean Besly (1572–1644). The anonymous GestaFrancorum and Tudebode's account share similarities and there are disputes among...
continuation of Aimon's GestaFrancorum and for the Historia Ecclesiastica of Hugh of Fleury. It was also mined by William of Jumièges for his Gesta Normannorum ducum...
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum; German: Franken; French: Francs) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Early Middle...
other chronicles of the First Crusade, Albert did not rely on the GestaFrancorum, but used his own independent interviews; he may also have had access...
River and the Lake of Antioch according to the Anonymous author of the GestaFrancorum, who was present at the battle, and the contemporary chronicler Raymond...
Normandy) and Flemish (under Robert of Flanders) contingents. The GestaFrancorum records that Tatikios frequently warned the Crusaders of the ferocity...
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