The factors that influence the sensitivity of the retina to color: A quantitative study and methods of standardizing (1911)
Doctoral advisor
Clarence E. Ferree
Marie Gertrude Rand Ferree (October 29, 1886 – June 30, 1970) was an American research scientist who is known for her extensive body of work about color perception. Her work included "mapping the retina for its perceptional abilities", "developing new instruments and lamps for ophthalmologists", and "detection and measurement of color blindness".[1] Rand, with LeGrand H. Hardy and M. Catherine Rittler, developed the HRR pseudoisochromatic color test.[2]
While working at Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, she acquired patents for lighting devices and instruments, and worked on the lighting of the Holland Tunnel between New York and New Jersey.[3] In 1912, Rand received the Sarah Berliner Research Fellowship from the Association of Collegiate Alumnae which became the American Association of University Women.[4] She was the first female fellow of the Illuminating Engineering Society and received a Gold Medal award from that society in 1963. Gertrude became member number 159, the second woman member of Optica (formerly The Optical Society (OSA)). In 1959, Rand joined Christine Ladd-Franklin, Charlotte Moore Sitterly, Dorothy Nickerson, Louise L Sloan, and Mary E Warga as the five women part of the first Optica Fellow class.[5]
and was one of only five women members of the first Optica Fellow class.[6] In 1959, she became the first woman to receive the Optical Society of America's Edgar D. Tillyer Medal.[7][8]
^Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie; Joy Dorothy Harvey (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. New York: Routledge. pp. 1072–1073. ISBN 9780415920407. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^Cole, B. L., Lian, K.-Y. and Lakkis, C. (2006), The new Richmond HRR pseudoisochromatic test for colour vision is better than the Ishihara test. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 89: 73–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00015.x
^The Book of Women's Firsts: Breakthrough Achievements of Almost 1,000 American Women by Phyllis J. Read and Bernard L. Witlieb, Random House, 1992
^History of the Fellowships Awarded by the AAUW, 1888–1929 by Margaret Maltby, AAUW, 1929
^"Optica Fellows". Optica.
^Hecht, Jeff (June 2023). "An Early Start for Women in Optics". OPN News.
^"EngineerGirl - M. Gertrude Rand". engineergirl.org. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
^"Biography of Gertrude Rand". The Optical Society. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
Marie GertrudeRand Ferree (October 29, 1886 – June 30, 1970) was an American research scientist who is known for her extensive body of work about color...
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