Georgian (ქართული kartuli) is a Kartvelian language spoken by about 4 million people, primarily in Georgia but also by indigenous communities in northern Turkey and Azerbaijan, and the diaspora, such as in Russia, Turkey, Iran, Europe, and North America. It is a highly standardized language, with established literary and linguistic norms dating back to the 5th century.[1]
There are at least 18 dialects of the language. Standard Georgian is largely based on the prestige Kartlian dialect.[2] It has over centuries wiped out significant regional linguistic differences within Georgia, particularly through the centralized educational system and the mass media. Dialects still retain their unique features in terms of phonology, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary, but they are virtually entirely intelligible with each other.[3] The three other Kartvelian languages—Mingrelian, Svan and Laz—are sisters to Georgian, but are unintelligible to speakers of Standard Georgian or other Georgian dialects.
Some of the basic variations among the Georgian dialects include:
The presence of glides [j] (ჲ) and [w] (ჳ) before certain vowels;
The presence of qʰ (ჴ) and q' (ყ) sounds;
Distinction between long and short vowels;
Extra vowel sounds not found in Standard Georgian;
The usage of n (ნ) plural form;
Plural adjectival forms;
Non-standard verb forms;
Archaisms and borrowings from neighboring languages not found in Standard Georgian.[2]
Different stress patterns;
^Amiran Lomtadze (Institute of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Tbilisi, Georgia) and Manana Tabidze (Chikobava Institute of Linguistics, Georgian Academy of Sciences). "Some problems of the functioning of the Georgian language in Georgia, p. 31" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2007-03-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abGeorgian Dialects Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, The ARMAZI project. Retrieved on March 28, 2007
^Manana Kock Kobaidze (2004-02-11) From the history of Standard Georgian Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
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