Gamalama is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire Ternate island in Indonesia. The island lies off the western shore of Halmahera island in the north of the Maluku Islands. For centuries, Ternate was a center of Portuguese and Dutch forts for spice trade, which have accounted for thorough reports of Gamalama's volcanic activities.
An eruption in 1775 caused the deaths of approximately 1300 people.[3]
On December 4, 2011 Mount Gamalama erupted, ejecting material up to 2,000 meters into the air. Thousands of residents in nearby Ternate City fled due to ash and dust particles raining down on the town.[4] Finally on December 27 some 4 people died and dozens injured from debris falls (lahar) after a month of activity.[5]
More eruptions occurred in September 2012.[6]
An eruption on December 18, 2014, deposited five centimeters of ash on the runway of Babullah Airport in Ternate, closing the airport.[7]
Depiction of Gamalama erupting in the early 1700s with a Portuguese fort shown.
^"Gamalama". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
^ ab"Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago" Listed as Pulau Ternate. Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
^"Eruption of the Gamalama volcano". earthquake-report.com. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12.
^"Thousands flee as Indonesian volcano erupts". December 5, 2011.
^"Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. 2011-12-28.
^"Indonesia's Mount Gamalama erupts spewing ash and lava". BBC News. 2012-09-17.
^"Babullah Airport Shut as Mount Gamalama Erupts". 2014-12-19.
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