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The frog test is a pregnancy testing method relying on frogs to show the pregnancy status of women.[1] Since immunological pregnancy tests were not yet developed before 1960s, women living a century ago relied on urine-based pregnancy tests using different animals, ranging from mice to frogs.[2][3] Nowadays, the advancement in medical technology has enabled women to accurately check their pregnancy status by using 'pee-on-a-stick' pregnancy test kits at home. Before these accessible and convenient test kits were invented, scientists strived to discover a way in spotting pregnancy-related hormones by a natural, simple test, where animals were often included as clinical tools to facilitate the process.[1] The frog test or frog pregnancy test is one of the past prevalent pregnancy scanning methods.
Throughout history, there have been different frog tests with the aim of indicating the pregnancy status of women.[4] The most well known frog test is the Hogben test, prevalent from the 1940s to the 1960s, by using the underlying principle of hormones and its subsequent biological response in both sexes of certain frog species.[5][6] The Galli-Mainini test is another frog test developed based on similar principles.[7]
Widespread export and traffic in African clawed frogs used for these tests is believed to have been the primary cause of the intercontinental spread of chytridiomycosis.[8]
^ abHaarburger, David; Pillay, Tahir S (2 April 2011). "Historical perspectives in diagnostic clinical pathology: development of the pregnancy test". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 64 (6): 546–548. doi:10.1136/jcp.2011.090332. ISSN 0021-9746. PMID 21460391. S2CID 19203964.
^Wide, Leif; Gemzell, Carl A. (1 October 1960). "An Immunological Pregnancy Test". European Journal of Endocrinology. XXXV (II): 261–267. doi:10.1530/acta.0.XXXV0261. ISSN 0804-4643. PMID 13785019.
^Hobson, B. M. (15 June 1963). "Immunological Pregnancy Tests". BMJ. 1 (5345): 1606–1607. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5345.1606-c. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2124248. PMID 13954883.
^"The Frog Test". Museum of Contraception and Abortion.
^Hogben, Lancelot (21 December 1946). "The Hogben Test". British Medical Journal. 2 (4485): 962–963. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4485.962-c. PMC 2054960.
^Yong, Ed (4 May 2017). "How a Frog Became the First Mainstream Pregnancy Test". The Atlantic.
^GALLI-MAININI, CARLOS (11 September 1948). "Pregnancy Test Using the Male Batrachia". Journal of the American Medical Association. 138 (2): 121–125. doi:10.1001/jama.1948.02900020017006. ISSN 0002-9955. PMID 18879287.
^Cormier, Zoe. "How a pregnancy test caused a catastrophe for frogs". BBC Earth.
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