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Diagram depicting the sources and cycles of acid rain precipitation.
Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake.[1] Freshwater acidification is primarily caused by sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) entering the water from atmospheric depositions and soil leaching.[1] Carbonic acid and dissolved carbon dioxide can also enter freshwaters, in a similar manner associated with runoff, through carbon dioxide-rich soils.[1] Runoff that contains these compounds may incorporate acidifying hydrogen ions and inorganic aluminum, which can be toxic to marine organisms.[1] Acid rain is also a contributor to freshwater acidification. It is created when SOx and NOx react with water, oxygen, and other oxidants within the clouds.[2]
^ abcdPsenner, Roland (March 1994). "Environmental impacts on freshwaters: acidification as a global problem". Science of the Total Environment. 143 (1): 53–61. Bibcode:1994ScTEn.143...53P. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(94)90532-0. ISSN 0048-9697.
Freshwateracidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon...
pH of the Earth's oceans Freshwateracidification, atmospheric depositions and soil leaching of SOx and NOx Soil acidification, buildup of hydrogen cations...
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Over the past 200 years, the rapid increase in anthropogenic CO2 (carbon dioxide)...
protons. Acidification also occurs when base cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium are leached from the soil. Soil acidification naturally...
acidification. N pollution in Europe, the Northeastern United States, and Asia is a current concern for freshwateracidification. Lake acidification studies...
chemical stresses on freshwater ecosystem health include acidification, eutrophication and copper and pesticide contamination. Freshwater biodiversity faces...
Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Astacidea, which also contains lobsters. Taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies...
such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Soil acidification Impacts of acidic water and soil acidification on plants could be minor or in most cases major...
fish. The fish has been studied in waters where there is current freshwateracidification. Sculpin were found to be less active and have lower rates of reproduction...
2008. Dr John Kinross. "FreshwaterAcidification and 'Acid Rain'". Lecture Notes for MSc Aquatic Ecosystems Management, Freshwater Ecosystems Module. Archived...
coral reefs, it is experiencing degradation due to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification results from a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is...
rivers, such as Lake Ontario. Most lakes are freshwater and account for almost all the world's surface freshwater, but some are salt lakes with salinities...
projected end-of-21st-century ocean acidification, a 2020 replication study found that "end-of-century ocean acidification levels have negligible effects on...
Estuarine acidification happens when the pH balance of water in coastal marine ecosystems, specifically those of estuaries, decreases. Water, generally...
Freshwater Shoreline Management involves assessing and protecting lakes, rivers, and other freshwater shorelines from excessive development or other anthropogenic...
substantial environmental degradation. Ocean acidification is another impact of water pollution. Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH value...
Wetland acidification can raise the chemical or metal concentrations, which leads to an increased bioavailability in marine plants and freshwater biota...
and low saline areas becoming more less saline. Ocean acidification is the increasing acidification of the oceans, caused mainly by the uptake of carbon...
inhabit the saltwater of oceans and the brackish waters of estuaries. Freshwater plankton are similar to marine plankton, but are found in lakes and rivers...
value. Wild fisheries can be marine (saltwater) or lacustrine/riverine (freshwater), and rely heavily on the carrying capacity of the local aquatic ecosystem...
underlying control variable for the ocean acidification boundary. The ocean chemist Peter Brewer thinks "ocean acidification has impacts other than simple changes...
whales. The risks these reefs face include coral bleaching and ocean acidification. Although this can be dangerous to the Blanket Octopus because it is...
due to ocean acidification are complex but it appears likely that many calcifying species will be adversely affected by ocean acidification.: 413 Increasing...
carbonic acid is related to the breathing cycle of animals and the acidification of natural waters. In biochemistry and physiology, the name "carbonic...
and it will take a very long time to acidify these waters, and equally as long to recover from that acidification. But as the top layer of the ocean (the...
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