German-American jurist, gymnast and political philosopher (1798–1872)
Francis Lieber
Born
Franz Lieber
(1798-03-18)18 March 1798
Berlin, Prussia
Died
(1872-10-02)2 October 1872 (aged 74)
New York City, U.S.
Alma mater
University of Jena
Notable work
Lieber Code
Signature
Francis Lieber (18 March 1798 – 2 October 1872)[1][2] was a Prussian-American jurist and political philosopher. He is most well known for the Lieber Code, the first codification of the customary law and the laws of war for battlefield conduct, which served a later basis for the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and for the Geneva Conventions.[3][4][5] He was also a pioneer in the fields of law, political science, and sociology in the United States.[2][6]
Born in Berlin, Prussia, to a Jewish merchant family, Lieber served in the Prussian Army during the Napoleonic Wars. He obtained a doctorate from the University of Jena in 1820. A republican, he volunteered to fight on the Greek side in the Greek War of Independence in 1821. After experiencing repression in Prussia for his political views, he migrated to the United States in 1827. During his early years in America, he worked a number of jobs, including swimming and gymnastics instructor, editor of the first editions of the Encyclopaedia Americana, journalist, and translator.
Lieber wrote a plan of education for the newly founded Girard College and lectured at New York University before becoming a tenured professor of history and political economy at the University of South Carolina in 1835.[7] In 1857, he joined the faculty at Columbia University where he assumed the chair of history and political science in 1858.[7][8] He transferred to Columbia Law School in 1865 where he taught until his death in 1872.[2]
Lieber was commissioned by the U.S. Army to write the Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field (General Orders No. 100, 24 April 1863), the Lieber Code of military law that governed the battlefield conduct of the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865).[9][10] The Lieber Code was the first codification of the customary law and the laws of war governing the battlefield conduct of an army in the field, and later was a basis for the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and for the Geneva Conventions.[3][11]
^"Francis Lieber | German-American, Political Scientist, Educator | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ abcVile, John R. (1998). "Francis Lieber and the Process of Constitutional Amendment". The Review of Politics. 60 (3): 525–543. doi:10.1017/S0034670500027455. ISSN 0034-6705. JSTOR 1407987.
^ abKinsella, Helen M. (2022). "Settler Empire and the United States: Francis Lieber on the Laws of War". American Political Science Review. 117 (2): 629–642. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000569. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 251432573.
^Davis, George B. (1907). "Doctor Francis Lieber's Instructions for the Government of Armies in the Field". American Journal of International Law. 1 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/2186282. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2186282.
^Nys, Ernest (1911). "Francis Lieber — His Life and His Work: Part II". American Journal of International Law. 5 (2): 355–393. doi:10.2307/2186723. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2186723.
^Small, Albion W. (1916). "Fifty Years of Sociology in the United States (1865-1915)". American Journal of Sociology. 21 (6): 727–728. doi:10.1086/212570. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2763629.
^ ab"CV Franz/Francis Lieber (1798–1872) and Mathilde Lieber née Oppenheimer (1805–1890)", A Sea of Love, Brill, 2 July 2018, ISBN 978-90-04-34425-9, retrieved 24 December 2023
^"1857". Department of History - Columbia University. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^Chisholm 1911.
^Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field (1 ed.). New York: D.Van Nostrand. 1863. Retrieved 23 August 2015 – via Internet Archive.
^Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. The American Civil War: Total or Just?. Teachinghistory.org, accessed 18 December 2011.
FrancisLieber (18 March 1798 – 2 October 1872) was a Prussian-American jurist and political philosopher. He is most well known for the Lieber Code, the...
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culture, physical culture, and liberal politics. Turners, especially FrancisLieber (1798–1872), were the leading sponsors of gymnastics as an American...
Sage Publications. ISBN 978-1412969017. Lieber, Francis (1881). The Miscellaneous Writings of FrancisLieber, Volume II: Contributions to Political Science...
requested the documents from FrancisLieber, who had been tasked with accumulating and preserving captured Confederate documents. Lieber was ordered to give them...
international law that applied to warfare between sovereign states, such as the Lieber Code (1863) of the Union Army in the American Civil War and the Hague Conventions...
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London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 627–628. Lieber, Francis; Lieber, Hartigan; Shelly, Richard (1983). Lieber's Code and the Law of War. Transaction Publishers...
1881) was a Swiss jurist and politician. Together with fellow liberals FrancisLieber and Édouard René de Laboulaye, he developed one of the first codes of...
United States, a German immigrant, FrancisLieber, drew up a code of conduct in 1863, which came to be known as the Lieber Code, for the Union Army during...
full account of the idolatry of the pagan world; Vol. 3. Philadelphia. FrancisLieber, ed. (1835). "Suada, or Suadela". Encyclopædia Americana. Vol. 12 (New ed...
forced labor in his mills. FrancisLieber (1800–1872), German-American jurist and political philosopher who authored the Lieber Code during the American...
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foreign writers commented on American exceptionalism including Karl Marx, FrancisLieber, Hermann Eduard von Holst, James Bryce, H. G. Wells, G. K. Chesterton...
institution of the South and attracted several noteworthy scholars, including FrancisLieber, Thomas Cooper, and Joseph LeConte. Slavery and slave labor played a...
material from "The Metaphysical Religion of Hegel" (1866), an essay by FrancisLieber. Eddy, Miscellaneous Writings, 1883–1896, 1897: "A 'mind-cure' is a...
for the Wall Street Journal. Lieber grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He attended the full 14-years of grade school at Francis W. Parker School, a private...
LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2023-03-30. LIEBER, FRANCIS, and G. NORMAN LIEBER. To Save the Country: A Lost Treatise on Martial Law. Edited...
Cyclopaedia, 1728, with the 1753 supplement Encyclopædia Americana, 1851, FrancisLieber ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America...
and 1990s, it was believed that a second corroborating document by FrancisLieber referred to the warrant. This was the result of a mistaken numerical...
the hostile state, and are of a moveable character?" In July 1862, FrancisLieber, a professor at Columbia College, who had worked with Halleck on guidelines...
Protection of War Victims", The American Journal of International Law, 1951 FrancisLieber, "Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in...
War, both the Dix–Hill Cartel and the Lieber Code set out rules regarding prisoner of war parole. FrancisLieber's thoughts on parole later reappeared in...
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