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The foreign relations of Mexico (United Mexican States) are directed by the President of the United Mexican States[1] and managed through the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs.[2] The principles of the foreign policy are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for international law and legal equality of states, their sovereignty and independence, non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other countries, peaceful resolution of conflicts, and promotion of collective security through active participation in international organizations.[1] Since the 1930s, the Estrada Doctrine has served as a crucial complement to these principles.[3]
After the War of Independence, the relations of Mexico were focused primarily on the United States, its northern neighbor, largest trading partner,[4] and the most powerful actor in hemispheric and world affairs.[5] Once the order was reestablished, its foreign policy was built under hemispheric prestige in subsequent decades. Demonstrating independence from the U.S., Mexico supported the Cuban government since its establishment in the early 1960s,[6] the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua during the late 1970s,[7] and leftist revolutionary groups in El Salvador during the 1980s.[8] In the 2000s, former President Vicente Fox adopted a new foreign policy that calls for an openness and an acceptance of criticism from the international community and the increase of Mexican involvement in foreign affairs, as well as a further integration towards its northern neighbors.[9] A greater priority to Latin America and the Caribbean was given during the administration of President Felipe Calderón.[10]
Mexico is one of the founding members of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations,[11] the Organization of American States,[12] the Organization of Ibero-American States,[13] the OPANAL[14] and the Rio Group.[15] For a long time, Mexico has been one of the largest contributors to the United Nations regular budget, in 2008 over 40 million dollars were given to the organization.[16] In addition, it was the only Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since it joined in 1994 until the accession of Chile in 2010. Mexico is considered as a newly industrialized country,[17][18] a regional power[19][20] and an emerging market,[21] hence its presence in major economic groups such as the G8+5 and the G-20 major economies.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
CPEUM89was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
SREwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
estradadoctrinewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Bilateral Trade". Embassy of the U.S. in Mexico. 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
- ^ Kim Richard Nossal (July 2, 1999). "Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era". Queen's University. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
- ^ Renata Keller (2009). "Capitalizing on Castro: Mexico's Foreign Relations with Cuba, 1959–1969" (PDF). Latin American Network Information Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
- ^ Salaverry, Jorge (March 11, 1988). "Evolution of Mexican Foreign Policy". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
- ^ "El Salvador in the 1980s". Historical Text Archive. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
- ^ Larry Birns and Michael Lettieri (June 27, 2006). "Mexican President Fox Chooses U.S. Over Latin America". Political Affairs. Archived from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Calderon FPwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ UN (November 7, 1945). "United Nations Member States". UN official website. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ Velázquez Flores (2007), p. 145.
- ^ Organization of Ibero-American States. "Members" (in Spanish). OEI official website. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ OPANAL. "Members". OPANAL official website. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (March 7, 2007). "El Presidente Felipe Calderón Hinojosa en la Ceremonia de Entrega de la Secretaría Pro Témpore del Grupo de Río" (in Spanish). Gobierno Federal. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
unbudgetwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Paweł Bożyk (2006). "Newly Industrialized Countries". Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 164. ISBN 0-7546-4638-6.
- ^ Mauro F. Guillén (2003). "Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor". The Limits of Convergence. Princeton University Press. pp. 126 (Table 5.1). ISBN 0-691-11633-4.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
regionalpowerwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
regionalpower2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
emergingmarketwas invoked but never defined (see the help page).