Global InformationForeign relations of Canada information
The foreign relations of Canada are Canada's relations with other governments and nations. Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions.[2][3][4] Canada's foreign policy based on international peacekeeping and security is carried out through coalitions, international organizations, and the work of numerous federal institutions.[5][6] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Sustainable Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises.[7] The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) is tasked with gathering and analyzing intelligence to prevent threats such as terrorism, espionage, and foreign interference,[8] while the Communications Security Establishment (CSE) is focused on cyber security and protecting Canada's digital infrastructure.[8]
Canada and the United States have a long, complex, and intertwined relationship;[9][10] they are close allies, co-operating regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts.[11][12] Canada also maintains historic and traditional ties to the United Kingdom and to France,[13] along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.[14] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.[15] Canada has diplomatic and consular offices in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries.[1]
Canada's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.[16][17] Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989.[18] This resulted in Canada providing the most peacekeepers during the Cold War.[19] Since the 21st Century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.[20] The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than directly through the UN.[21] Canada has faced controversy over its involvement in some foreign countries, notably the 1993 Somalia affair.[22] Canada's military currently has over 3000 personnel deployed overseas in multiple operations.[23]
Canada is a member of various international organizations and forums.[24] Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and formed the North American Aerospace Defense Command together with the United States in 1958.[25] The country has membership in the World Trade Organization, the Five Eyes, the G7 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[2] Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976.[26] The country joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 ,[27] and seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).[28] As of 2023, Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements with 51 different countries.[29]
- ^ a b "Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts Accredited to Canada". GAC. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ a b Chapnick, Adam (2011). The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations. UBC Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-7748-4049-1.
- ^ Gabryś, M.; Soroka, T. (2017). Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989. Societas. Neriton, Wydawnictwo. p. 39. ISBN 978-83-7638-792-5.
- ^ Munton, Don; Keating, Tom (2001). "Internationalism and the Canadian Public". Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique. 34 (3). Canadian Political Science Association: 517–549. doi:10.1017/S0008423901777992. ISSN 0008-4239. JSTOR 3233002. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ Sens, Allen; Stoett, Peter (2013). Global Politics (5th ed.). Nelson Education. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-17-648249-7.
- ^ "Plans at a glance and operating context". Global Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ "Canada and the Sustainable Development Goals". Social Development Canada. 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023.
- ^ a b Lowenthal, M.M. (2019). Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. SAGE Publications. pp. 480, 482. ISBN 978-1-5443-5836-9.
- ^ "Canada and the United States". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023.
- ^ Nord, D.C.; Weller, G.R. Canada and the United States: An Introduction to a Complex Relationship. p. 14.
- ^ Carment, D.; Sands, C. (2019). Canada–US Relations: Sovereignty or Shared Institutions?. Canada and International Affairs. Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–10. ISBN 978-3-030-05036-8.
- ^ Haglung, David G (Autumn 2003). "North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security". Orbis. 47 (4): 675–691. doi:10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3.
- ^ Morrison, Katherine L. (2008). "The Only Canadians: Canada's French and the British Connection". International Journal of Canadian Studies (in French) (37). Consortium Erudit: 177. doi:10.7202/040800ar. ISSN 1180-3991.
- ^ James, Patrick (2006). Michaud, Nelson; O'Reilly, Marc J (eds.). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. pp. 213–214, 349–362. ISBN 978-0-7391-1493-3.
- ^ Goddard, Lance (2005). Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands. Dundurn Press. pp. 225–232. ISBN 978-1-55002-547-7.
- ^ Sorenson, David S.; Wood, Pia Christina (2005). The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-cold War Era. Psychology Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7146-8488-8.
- ^ Sobel, Richard; Shiraev, Eric; Shapiro, Robert (2002). International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis. Lexington Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7391-0480-4.
- ^ Morton, Desmond (1999). A military history of Canada (4th ed.). McClelland & Stewart. pp. 130–158, 173, 203–233, 258. ISBN 978-0-7710-6514-9.
- ^ Dorn, Walter (17 March 2013). "Canadian Peacekeeping No Myth" (PDF). Royal Canadian Military Institute. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ Lauri Johnson; Reva Joshee (2007). Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States. UBC Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7748-1325-9.
- ^ Linda McQuaig (2010). Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire. Random House Digital. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-385-67297-9.
- ^ Farnsworth, Clyde H (27 November 1994). "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.
- ^ "Current operations list". National Defence. 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.
- ^ "International Organizations and Forums". Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ Wilson, G.A.A. (2012). NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat: Canada's Secret Electronic Air War. Dundurn Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4597-0412-1.
- ^ Clément, Dominique (2016). Human Rights in Canada: A History. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-77112-164-4.
- ^ McKenna, Peter (2012). Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy. University of Toronto Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4426-1108-5.
- ^ Canada Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations, Regulations, Activities. International Business Publications. 2015. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7397-1615-1.
- ^ "Expand globally with Canada's free trade agreements". Trade Commissioner. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023.