Global InformationForeign policy of the Barack Obama administration information
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The term Obama Doctrine is frequently used to describe the principles of US foreign policy under the Obama administration (2009–2017). He relied chiefly on his two highly experienced Secretaries of State—Hillary Clinton (2009–2013) and John Kerry (2013–2017)—and Vice President Joe Biden. Main themes include a reliance on negotiation and collaboration rather than confrontation or unilateralism.[1][2]
Obama inherited the Iraq War, the Afghanistan War, and various aspects of the War on Terror, all of which began during the Bush administration.[3] He presided over the gradual draw down of U.S. soldiers in Iraq, culminating in the near-total withdrawal of U.S. soldiers from Iraq in December 2011. After increasing the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan during his first term, Obama withdrew all but approximately 8,400 soldiers from Afghanistan during his second term.[4] In 2011, Obama presided over a mission that led to the death of Osama bin Laden, the organizer of the September 11 attacks. The number of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp fell dramatically during Obama's tenure,[5] but despite Obama's hopes to close the camp, 41 inmates remained at Guantanamo by the time Obama left office.[6] The Obama administration made increased use of drone strikes, particularly in Pakistan, targeting alleged Al-Qaeda leaders such as Anwar al-Awlaki.[7] In 2013, Edward Snowden revealed the existence of an extensive government surveillance program known as PRISM, which Obama defended as "a circumscribed, narrow system directed at us being able to protect our people."[8]
In 2010, a series of protests across North Africa and the Middle East known as the Arab Spring broke out, eventually turning into more severe forms of unrest in several countries.[9] Obama helped organize a NATO-led intervention in Libya, ultimately resulting in the fall of Muammar Gaddafi's regime. Obama allegedly declined to become deeply involved in the Syrian civil war between the government of Bashar al-Assad, the Syrian opposition, and the Salafi jihadist group known as ISIS.[10] The U.S. supported the opposition throughout the civil war and occasionally executed strikes against ISIL. In 2014, after Russia annexed Crimea and intervened in Ukraine, Obama and other Western leaders imposed sanctions that contributed to a Russian financial crisis. Russia later intervened in the Syrian Civil War and was accused of interfering in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, which the Obama administration condemned.[11]
Seeking to shift the focus of U.S. foreign policy to East Asia, Obama organized a multi-nation free trade agreement known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), but the TPP was never ratified by Congress.[12] Smaller trade agreements with South Korea, Colombia, and Panama were approved by Congress and entered into force. Obama initiated the Cuban thaw, providing diplomatic recognition to Cuba for the first time since the 1960s.[13] His administration also negotiated the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an accord in which Iran agreed to limit its nuclear program.[14]
- ^ Kelley, Christopher S. (2012). "Rhetoric and Reality? Unilateralism and the Obama Administration". Social Science Quarterly. 93 (5): 1146–1160. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00918.x.
- ^ Andreas Krieg, "Externalizing the burden of war: the Obama Doctrine and US foreign policy in the Middle East." International Affairs 92.1 (2016): 97-113. online
- ^ "Barack Obama: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-04. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ Tilghman, Andrew (26 December 2016). "New in 2017: Big decisions for the wars in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan". Military Times. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ^ "Remarks by the President on Plan to Close the Prison at Guantanamo Bay". whitehouse.gov. 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ Savage, Charlie (19 January 2017). "Obama Transfers 4 From Guantánamo, Leaving 41 There as Term Ends". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ^ "Targeted Killings". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ Madison, Lucy (June 19, 2013). "Obama Defends 'Narrow' Surveillance Programs". CBS News. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
- ^ Qiblawi, Tamara (2019-12-30). "A decade of protests has reshaped the Arab world -- and more change is on the way". CNN. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ "Obama's Syria legacy: Measured diplomacy, strategic explosion". BBC News. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ "The Administration's Response to Russia: What You Need to Know". whitehouse.gov. 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ "What's Next for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ "Charting a New Course on Cuba". The White House. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ "What Is the Iran Nuclear Deal?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2023-08-06.