Focused deterrence (also known as pulling levers policing) is a crime prevention strategy which aims to deter crime by increasing the swiftness, severity and certainty of punishment for crimes by implementing a mix of law enforcement, social services, and community mobilization.[1][2][3] This approach also aims to identify underlying causes of gun injury-related problems and tailors specific solutions to each of them. The available evidence indicates that these programs are notably effective at reducing gun violence, though this may not be due to the provision social services.[4][5] Among the focused deterrence programs that have been implemented in the United States is the Operation Ceasefire program in Boston, which aimed to concentrate law enforcement efforts on violent criminals in crime "hot spots".[6] This was the first program, created by criminologist David M. Kennedy. From there, inspired focused deterrence programs were applied, including Operation Peacekeeper in Stockton and other forms of Operation Ceasefire in Rochester, Newark, and Los Angeles.[7]
^"Focused Deterrence Strategies". Crimesolutions.gov. National Institute of Justice. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^"What are Focused Deterrence Strategies?". Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy. George Mason University. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^Braga, Anthony (2017). "Focused Deterrence Strategies". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press.
^Braga, AA; Weisburd, DL (18 March 2015). "Focused deterrence and the prevention of violent gun injuries: practice, theoretical principles, and scientific evidence". Annual Review of Public Health. 36: 55–68. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122444. PMID 25494051.
^Engel, Robin S.; Tillyer, Marie Skubak; Corsaro, Nicholas (June 2013). "Reducing Gang Violence Using Focused Deterrence: Evaluating the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV)". Justice Quarterly. 30 (3): 403–439. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.619559. S2CID 40777215.
^"Gun Violence Prevention Strategy: Focused Deterrence". National Institute of Justice. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^Read "Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy" at NAP.edu.
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