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The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century, named after researcher James Flynn (1934–2020).[1][2] When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first; the average result is set to 100. When the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100.

Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. For example, a study published in the year 2009 found that British children's average scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test rose by 14 IQ points from 1942 to 2008.[3] Similar gains have been observed in many other countries in which IQ testing has long been widely used, including other Western European countries, as well as Japan and South Korea.[2]

There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, such as the rise in efficiency of education, along with skepticism concerning its implications. Similar improvements have been reported for semantic and episodic memory.[4] Some research suggests that there may be an ongoing reversed Flynn effect (i.e., a decline in IQ scores) in Norway, Denmark, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, and German-speaking countries.[5] This is said to have started in the 1990s[6][7][8] and to be occurring despite the average performance of 15-year-olds in those same countries ranking above the international average on the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment in reading, mathematics, and science in 2000,[9] 2003,[10][11] 2006,[12] 2009,[13] 2012,[14] 2015,[15] and 2018.[16] In certain cases, this apparent reversal may be due to cultural changes which render parts of intelligence tests obsolete.[17] Meta-analyses indicate that, overall, the Flynn effect continues, either at the same rate,[18] or at a slower rate in developed countries.[19][20]

  1. ^ Trahan, Lisa H.; Stuebing, Karla K.; Fletcher, Jack M.; Hiscock, Merrill (2014). "The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 140 (5): 1332–1360. doi:10.1037/a0037173. ISSN 1939-1455. PMC 4152423. PMID 24979188.
  2. ^ a b Baker, David P.; Eslinger, Paul J.; Benavides, Martin; Peters, Ellen; Dieckmann, Nathan F.; Leon, Juan (March 2015). "The cognitive impact of the education revolution: A possible cause of the Flynn Effect on population IQ". Intelligence. 49: 144–58. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.01.003. ISSN 0160-2896.
  3. ^ Flynn, James R. (March 2009). "Requiem for nutrition as the cause of IQ gains: Raven's gains in Britain 1938–2008". Economics and Human Biology. 7 (1): 18–27. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.009. ISSN 1873-6130. PMID 19251490.
  4. ^ Rönnlund M, Nilsson LG (September 2009). "Flynn effects on sub-factors of episodic and semantic memory: parallel gains over time and the same set of determining factors". Neuropsychologia. 47 (11): 2174–80. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.11.007. PMID 19056409. S2CID 15706086.
  5. ^ Al-Shahomee; et al. (2018). "An increase of intelligence in Libya from 2008 to 2017". Personality and Individual Differences. 130: 147–149. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.004. S2CID 149095461.
  6. ^ Teasdale, Thomas W; Owen, David R (2005). "A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse". Personality and Individual Differences. 39 (4): 837–43. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.029.
  7. ^ Pietschnig, Jakob; Gittler, Georg (2015). "A reversal of the Flynn effect for spatial perception in German-speaking countries: Evidence from a cross-temporal IRT-based meta-analysis (1977–2014)". Intelligence. 53: 145–53. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.10.004.
  8. ^ Bratsberg, Bernt; Rogeberg, Ole (June 6, 2018). "Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6674–78. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6674B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718793115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6042097. PMID 29891660.
  9. ^ Literacy Skills for the World of Tomorrow: Further Results from PISA 2000 (PDF) (Report). OECD/UNESCO. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  10. ^ PISA 2003: A Profile of Student Performance in Mathematics (PDF) (Report). OECD. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  11. ^ PISA 2003: A Profile of Student Performance in Reading and Science (PDF) (Report). OECD. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  12. ^ PISA 2006: Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World Executive Summary (PDF) (Report). OECD. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  13. ^ PISA 2009 Results: Executive Summary (PDF) (Report). OECD. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  14. ^ PISA 2012: Results in Focus (PDF) (Report). OECD. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  15. ^ PISA 2015: Results in Focus (PDF) (Report). OECD. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  16. ^ PISA 2018 Results: Combined Executive Summaries, Volumes I, II, & III (PDF) (Report). OECD. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  17. ^ Gonthier, Corentin; Grégoire, Jacques; Besançon, Maud (January 2021). "No negative Flynn effect in France: Why variations of intelligence should not be assessed using tests based on cultural knowledge". Intelligence. 84: 101512. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101512. S2CID 230538271.
  18. ^ Trahan, Lisa H.; Stuebing, Karla K.; Fletcher, Jack M.; Hiscock, Merrill (2014). "The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 140 (5): 1332–1360. doi:10.1037/a0037173. PMC 4152423. PMID 24979188.
  19. ^ Pietschnig, Jakob; Voracek, Martin (May 2015). "One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10 (3): 282–306. doi:10.1177/1745691615577701. PMID 25987509. S2CID 12604392.
  20. ^ Wongupparaj, Peera; Kumari, Veena; Morris, Robin G. (March 2015). "A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Raven's Progressive Matrices: Age groups and developing versus developed countries". Intelligence. 49: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.11.008.

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