"FVEY" redirects here. For the album, see FVEY (album).
Five Eyes
Members shown in blue
Working language
English
Type
Intelligence alliance
Members
Australia
Canada
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States
Establishment
• Atlantic Charter
August 14, 1941; 82 years ago (1941-08-14)
• BRUSA Agreement
May 17, 1943; 80 years ago (1943-05-17)
NSA Headquarters, Fort Meade, Maryland, United StatesASIO central office, Canberra, AustraliaGCHQ, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, United KingdomCSE Headquarters, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaNZSIS Headquarters, Wellington, New Zealand
The Five Eyes (FVEY) is an Anglosphere intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[1] These countries are parties to the multilateral UK-USA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence.[2][3][4] Informally, Five Eyes can refer to the group of intelligence agencies of these countries.
The origins of the FVEY can be traced to informal secret meetings during World War II between British and American code-breakers, before the US formally entered the war.[5] The alliance was formalized in the post-war era, specifically through the UKUSA Agreement in 1946. As the Cold War deepened, the intelligence sharing arrangement became formalised under the ECHELON surveillance system in the 1960s.[6] This was developed by the FVEY to monitor the communications of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc; it is now used to monitor communications worldwide.[7][8] The FVEY expanded their surveillance capabilities during the course of the "war on terror", with much emphasis placed on monitoring the World Wide Web. The alliance has grown into a robust global surveillance mechanism, adapting to new challenges such as international terrorism, cyber threats, and regional conflicts.
The alliance's activities, often shrouded in secrecy, have occasionally come under scrutiny for their implications on privacy and civil liberties, sparking debates and legal challenges. In the late 1990s, the existence of ECHELON was disclosed to the public, triggering a debate in the European Parliament and, to a lesser extent, the United States Congress and British Parliament. Former NSA contractor Edward Snowden described the Five Eyes as a "supra-national intelligence organisation that does not answer to the known laws of its own countries".[9] 2010s global surveillance disclosures revealed FVEY had been spying on one another's citizens and sharing the collected information with each other, although the FVEY nations maintain this was done legally. It has been claimed FVEY nations have been sharing intelligence to circumvent domestic laws, but only one court case in Canada has found any FVEY nation breaking domestic laws when sharing intelligence with a FVEYs partner.[10][11]
Five Eyes is among the most comprehensive espionage alliances.[12] Since processed intelligence is gathered from multiple sources, the intelligence shared is not restricted to signals intelligence (SIGINT) and often involves defence intelligence as well as human intelligence (HUMINT) and geospatial intelligence (GEOINT). Five Eyes remains a critical element in the intelligence and security landscape of each member country, providing a strategic advantage in understanding and responding to global events.
^"Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review Council (FIORC)". www.dni.gov.
^Cox, James (December 2012). "Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community" (PDF). Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^"Five Eyes". United States Army Combined Arms Center. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
^"PKI Interoperability with FVEY Partner Nations on the NIPRNet". United States Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
^Vucetic, Srdjan (April 2020). "CANZUK: Fantasy or potential reality?: CANZUK anyone?". Diplomat & International Canada (Spring 2020). Retrieved 21 April 2024.
^"Five Eyes and the Perils of an Asymmetric Alliance – AIIA". Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
^Asser, Martin (6 July 2000). "Echelon: Big brother without a cause?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^"Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon". BBC News. 29 May 2001. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^Cite error: The named reference ndr was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference guardian1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference reuters1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Perry, Nick; Dodds, Paisley (17 July 2013). "5-nation spy alliance too vital for leaks to harm". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
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