AliX Hasan ibn Ali (WIA) Husayn ibn Ali Malik al-Ashtar X Ammar ibn Yasir † Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr † Hujr ibn Adi
Jabir ibn Abd Allah
Aisha Talha † Zubayr ibn al-Awwam † Mu'awiya I 'Amr ibn al-'As (WIA) Marwan I (POW)
Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi †
Casualties and losses
Total: 25,407–25,513+
The Camel: 400–500+
Siffin: 25,000[1][2]
Nahrawan: 7–13
Total: 47,500+
The Camel: 2,500+
Siffin: 45,000[1][2]
2,400
v
t
e
First Fitna
The Camel
Siffin
Nahrawan
Busr's campaigns
Syria campaign
v
t
e
Civil wars of the early Caliphates
Ridda Wars
First Fitna
Second Fitna
Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
Revolt of al-Ashdaq
Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
Berber Revolt
Revolt of Yahya ibn Zayd
Third Fitna
Ibadi revolt
Abbasid Revolution
Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
Battle of Fakhkh
Qays–Yaman war (793–796)
Fourth Fitna
Revolt of Abu'l-Saraya
East Africa
Bashmurian revolts
Anarchy at Samarra
Fifth Fitna
Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)
Zanj Rebellion
The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate. The civil war involved three main battles between the fourth Rashidun caliph, Ali, and the rebel groups.
The roots of the first civil war can be traced back to the assassination of the second caliph, Umar. Before he died from his wounds, Umar formed a six-member council which elected Uthman as the next caliph. During the final years of Uthman's caliphate, he was accused of nepotism and killed by rebels in 656. After Uthman's assassination, Ali was elected the fourth caliph. Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr revolted against Ali to depose him. The two parties fought the Battle of the Camel in December 656, from which Ali emerged victorious. Afterward, Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of Syria, declared war on Ali, ostensibly to avenge Uthman's death. The two parties fought the Battle of Siffin in July 657, which ended in a stalemate and arbitration.
This arbitration was resented by the Kharijites, who declared Ali, Mu'awiya, and their followers infidels. Following Kharijite violence against civilians, Ali's forces crushed them in the Battle of Nahrawan. Soon after, Mu'awiya also seized control of Egypt with the aid of Amr ibn al-As.
In 661, Ali was assassinated by the Kharijite Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam. After Ali's death, his heir Hasan was elected caliph and soon after attacked by Mu'awiya. The embattled Hasan concluded a peace treaty, acknowledging the rule of Mu'awiya, who subsequently founded the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph.
The FirstFitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad...
Look up fitna in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fitna or Fitnah may refer to: Fitna (word), an Arabic term meaning 'trial' or 'civil strife'; also used...
after the end of the FirstFitna in 661. After Mu'awiya's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in the Second Fitna, and power eventually...
The Second Fitna was a period of general political and military disorder and civil war in the Islamic community during the early Umayyad Caliphate. It...
Rashidun Caliphate of Ali did not end the FirstFitna. After 25 years of a monogamous relationship with his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad...
called al-Shurat, were an Islamic sect which emerged during the FirstFitna (656–661). The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his...
transferred the capital to Kufa. Ali presided over the civil war called the FirstFitna as his suzerainty was unrecognized by Uthman's kinsman and Syria's governor...
Ubayd Allah to gain refuge with Ali's principal challenger during the FirstFitna, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Syria. At the weeks-long Battle...
known to Muslims as the fitna, when the governor of Syria Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan revolted against him. During this time, the first period of Muslim conquests...
without submitting to their inclinations the liberty of choice. During the FirstFitna (656–661), Muawiyah I sent Busr ibn Abi Artat to a campaign in the Hejaz...
Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the FirstFitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a...
(r. 656–661), Hasan accompanied him in the military campaigns of the FirstFitna. Following Ali's assassination in January 661, Hasan was acknowledged...
CE (Safar 38 AH). They were a group of pious allies of Ali during the FirstFitna. They separated from him following the Battle of Siffin when Ali agreed...
brother Abd al-Rahman, Muhajir supported Caliph Ali (r. 656–661) in the FirstFitna and died fighting against the army of Ali's principal enemy, the governor...
al-Bayt (the Islamic prophet Muhammad's family) and her actions in the FirstFitna (civil war) of the time. Her participation in the Battle of the Camel...
was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam. Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad, a...
was also a general who led thousands of Muslims to battle during the FirstFitna. During the Muslim war with Mecca, many men were killed leaving behind...
caliph through shura (consultation). These events precipitated the FirstFitna (First Muslim Civil War). When Ali was assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn...
Aas Mughira bin Shaaba Administrative policies of Ali ibn Abi Talib FirstFitna Battle of Siffin Rules of war in Islam A similar version is quoted by...
distinguisher between the righteous group and the sinful one in the FirstFitna. Muhammad willed 'Ammar ibn Yasir as one of the four Sahabas whose guidance...
Ḥubaysh ibn Dulja al-Qaynī (Arabic: حبيش بْن دلجة القيني) (died 684) was a tribal leader of the Quda'a in Jund al-Urdunn (district of Jordan) and a commander...
Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and the first Shia Imam, was assassinated during the morning prayer on 28 January 661 CE, equivalent...
Ali, Muhammad's cousin and Fatima's husband, first emerged as a distinct movement during the FirstFitna from 656 to 661 CE. Shia doctrine holds that...
and weakened the position of Ali. The battle is considered part of the FirstFitna and a major step towards the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate....
dynasty, which replaced the Sufyanid house after its collapse in the Second Fitna and remained in power until 750. During the reign of his cousin Uthman (r...
Global Information
Rashidun Caliphate
Mu'awiya's forces and Aisha's forces
Kharijites