Global InformationFerdinand Foch information
Généralissime Marshal Ferdinand Foch | |
|---|---|
 General Foch, c. 1914 | |
| Supreme Allied Commander | |
| In office 26 March 1918 – 10 January 1920 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Office disestablished[a] |
| 26th Chief of the Army Staff | |
| In office 16 May 1917 – 29 December 1918 | |
| Preceded by | Philippe Pétain |
| Succeeded by | Henri Alby |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 2 October 1851 Tarbes, France |
| Died | 20 March 1929 (aged 77) Paris, France |
| Resting place | Les Invalides |
| Spouse | Julie Bienvenüe |
| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Alma mater | École polytechnique |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Third Republic |
| Branch/service | French Army
|
| Years of service | 1868–1923 (55 years) |
| Rank | Division general[b] |
| Unit | List
|
| Commands | List
|
| Battles/wars | List
|
Ferdinand Foch (/fɒʃ/ FOSH, French: [fɛʁdinɑ̃ fɔʃ]; 2 October 1851[1] – 20 March 1929)[2] was a French general, Marshal of France and member of the Académie Française. He distinguished himself as Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front during the First World War in 1918.[3]
A commander during the First Marne, Flanders and Artois campaigns of 1914–1916, Foch became Supreme Allied Commander in late March 1918 in the face of the all-out German spring offensive. He successfully coordinated the French, British and American efforts, deftly handling his strategic reserves. He stopped the German offensive and launched a war-winning counterattack.[4] In November 1918, Marshal Foch accepted the German cessation of hostilities and was present at the Armistice of 11 November 1918.
At the outbreak of war in August 1914, Foch's XX Corps participated in the brief invasion of Germany before retreating in the face of a German counter-attack and successfully blocking the Germans short of Nancy. Ordered west to defend Paris, Foch's prestige soared as a result of the victory at the Marne, for which he was widely credited as a chief protagonist while commanding the French Ninth Army. He was then promoted again to assistant commander-in-chief for the Northern Zone, a role which evolved into command of Army Group North, and in which role he was required to cooperate with the British forces at Ypres and the Somme. At the end of 1916, partly owing to the disappointing results of the latter offensive and partly owing to wartime political rivalries, Foch was transferred to Italy.[5] Foch was appointed "Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies" on 26 March 1918 following being the commander-in-chief of Western Front with the title Généralissime in 1918. He played a decisive role in halting a renewed German advance on Paris in the Second Battle of the Marne, after which he was promoted to Marshal of France. Author Larry H. Addington says, "to a large extent the final Allied strategy which won the war on land in Western Europe in 1918 was Foch's alone."[6]
On 11 November 1918, Foch accepted the German request for an armistice. Foch advocated peace terms that would make Germany unable to pose a threat to France ever again. He considered the Treaty of Versailles too lenient on Germany. Winston Churchill attributed this famous quote about the Peace Treaty of Versailles to Foch: "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years."[7]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Government of the French Republic. "Birth certificate of Foch, Ferdinand". culture.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ Government of the French Republic. "Death certificate of Foch, Ferdinand". culture.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ Atteridge, Andrew Hilliard (1919). Marshal Ferdinand Foch, His Life and His Theory of Modern War. Dodd, Mead.
- ^ Charles Messenger, ed., Reader's Guide to Military History (2001) pp. 170–171.
- ^ Greenhalgh, 2011
- ^ Addington, Larry H. (1994). The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century. Indiana UP. pp. 167–168. ISBN 0253208602.
- ^ Winston Churchill (1948). The Gathering Storm. Houghton Mifflin. p. 7.