Global InformationFake news website information
Fake news websites (also referred to as hoax news websites)[1][2] are websites on the Internet that deliberately publish fake news—hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation purporting to be real news—often using social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect.[3][4][5][6] Unlike news satire, fake news websites deliberately seek to be perceived as legitimate and taken at face value, often for financial or political gain.[7][8][4] Such sites have promoted political falsehoods in India,[9][10] Germany,[11][12] Indonesia and the Philippines,[13] Sweden, Mexico,[14][15] Myanmar,[16] and the United States.[17][18] Many sites originate in, or are promoted by, Russia,[3][19] or North Macedonia among others.[20][21] Some media analysts have seen them as a threat to democracy.[12] In 2016, the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs passed a resolution warning that the Russian government was using "pseudo-news agencies" and Internet trolls as disinformation propaganda to weaken confidence in democratic values.[5]
In 2015, the Swedish Security Service, Sweden's national security agency, issued a report concluding Russia was using fake news to inflame "splits in society" through the proliferation of propaganda.[14] Sweden's Ministry of Defence tasked its Civil Contingencies Agency with combating fake news from Russia.[14] Fraudulent news affected politics in Indonesia and the Philippines, where there was simultaneously widespread usage of social media and limited resources to check the veracity of political claims.[13] German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned of the societal impact of "fake sites, bots, trolls".[12]
Fraudulent articles spread through social media during the 2016 U.S. presidential election,[17][18] and several officials within the U.S. Intelligence Community said that Russia was engaged in spreading fake news.[22][23] Computer security company FireEye concluded that Russia used social media to spread fake news stories[24] as part of a cyberwarfare campaign.[25] Google and Facebook banned fake sites from using online advertising.[26][27] Facebook launched a partnership with fact-checking websites to flag fraudulent news and hoaxes; debunking organizations that joined the initiative included: Snopes.com, FactCheck.org, and PolitiFact.[28] U.S. President Barack Obama said a disregard for facts created a "dust cloud of nonsense".[29] Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Alex Younger called fake news propaganda online dangerous for democratic nations.[30]
- ^ Bartolotta, Devin (9 December 2016), "Hillary Clinton Warns About Hoax News On Social Media", WJZ-TV, retrieved 11 December 2016
- ^ Wemple, Erik (8 December 2016), "Facebook's Sheryl Sandberg says people don't want 'hoax' news. Really?", The Washington Post, retrieved 11 December 2016
- ^ a b Weisburd, Andrew; Watts, Clint (6 August 2016), "Trolls for Trump - How Russia Dominates Your Twitter Feed to Promote Lies (And, Trump, Too)", The Daily Beast, retrieved 24 November 2016
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
snopesfieldguidewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Lewis Sanders IV (11 October 2016), "'Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda", Deutsche Welle, retrieved 24 November 2016
- ^ Neudert, Lisa-Maria; Howard, Philip; Kollanyi, Bence (16 July 2019). "Sourcing and Automation of Political News and Information During Three European Elections". Social Media + Society. 5 (3): 205630511986314. doi:10.1177/2056305119863147.
- ^ Leyva, Rodolfo (2020). "Testing and unpacking the effects of digital fake news: on presidential candidate evaluations and voter support". AI & Society. 35 (4): 970. doi:10.1007/s00146-020-00980-6. S2CID 218592685.
- ^ Chen, Adrian (2 June 2015). "The Agency". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ Vij, Shivam (27 May 2020). "India's anti-Muslim fake news factories are following the anti-Semitic playbook". ThePrint. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ^ Sahoo, Niranjan. "How fake news is complicating India's war against COVID-19". ORF. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ^ Connolly, Kate; Chrisafis, Angelique; McPherson, Poppy; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Haas, Benjamin; Phillips, Dominic; Hunt, Elle; Safi, Michael (2 December 2016). "Fake news: an insidious trend that's fast becoming a global problem". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
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concernoverbarragewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Kragh, Martin; Åsberg, Sebastian (5 January 2017). "Russia's strategy for influence through public diplomacy and active measures: the Swedish case". Journal of Strategic Studies. 40 (6): 773–816. doi:10.1080/01402390.2016.1273830. S2CID 157114426.
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watkinswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Frederick, Kara (2019). "The New War of Ideas: Counterterrorism Lessons for the Digital Disinformation Fight". Center for a New American Security.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Merlo, Carlos (2017), "Millonario negocio FAKE NEWS", Univision Noticias
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