Extension to the Internet Protocol to signal network congestion
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Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints when the underlying network infrastructure also supports it.
Conventionally, TCP/IP networks signal congestion by dropping packets. When ECN is successfully negotiated, an ECN-aware router may set a mark in the IP header instead of dropping a packet in order to signal impending congestion. The receiver of the packet echoes the congestion indication to the sender, which reduces its transmission rate as if it detected a dropped packet.
Rather than responding properly or ignoring the bits, some outdated or faulty network equipment has historically dropped or mangled packets that have ECN bits set.[1][2][3] As of 2015[update], measurements suggested that the fraction of web servers on the public Internet for which setting ECN prevents network connections had been reduced to less than 1%.[4]
Passive support has existed in Ubuntu Linux since 12.04 and in Windows Server since 2012.[5] Passive support in the most popular websites has increased from 8.5% in 2012 to over 70% in May 2017.[5] Adoption across the Internet now requires clients to actively request ECN. In June 2015, Apple announced that ECN will be enabled by default on its supported and future products, to help drive the adoption of ECN signaling industry-wide.[6]
^Steven Bauer; Robert Beverly; Arthur Berger (2011). "Measuring the State of ECN Readiness in Servers, Clients, and Routers" (PDF). Internet Measurement Conference 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-03-22.
^Alberto Medina; Mark Allman; Sally Floyd. "Measuring Interactions Between Transport Protocols and Middleboxes" (PDF). Internet Measurement Conference 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.
^"TBIT, the TCP Behavior Inference Tool: ECN". Icir.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
^Brian Trammell; Mirja Kühlewind; Damiano Boppart; Iain Learmonth; Gorry Fairhurst; Richard Scheffenegger (2015). "Enabling Internet-Wide Deployment of Explicit Congestion Notification" (PDF). Proceedings of the Passive and Active Measurement Conference 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ abDavid Murray; Terry Koziniec; Sebastian Zander; Michael Dixon; Polychronis Koutsakis (2017). "An Analysis of Changing Enterprise Network Traffic Characteristics" (PDF). The 23rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC 2017). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
^"Your App and Next Generation Networks". Apple Inc. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-06-15.
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