In graph theory, an eternal dominating set for a graph G = (V, E) is a subset D of V such that D is a dominating set on which mobile guards are initially located (at most one guard may be located on any vertex). The set D must be such that for any infinite sequence of attacks occurring sequentially at vertices, the set D can be modified by moving a guard from an adjacent vertex to the attacked vertex, provided the attacked vertex has no guard on it at the time it is attacked. The configuration of guards after each attack must induce a dominating set. The eternal domination number, γ∞(G), is the minimum number of vertices possible in the initial set D. For example, the eternal domination number of the cycle on five vertices is two.
The eternal dominating set problem, also known as the eternal domination problem and the eternal security problem, can also be interpreted as a combinatorial game played between two players that alternate turns: a defender, who chooses the initial dominating set D and the guard to send to each attack that occurs at a vertex without a guard; and an attacker, who chooses the vertex to be attacked on their turn. The attacker wins the game if they can ever choose a vertex to be attacked such that there is no guard on that vertex or a neighboring vertex; the defender wins otherwise. In other words, the attacker wins the game if they can ever attack a vertex such that the attack cannot be defended.
As noted in Klostermeyer & Mynhardt (2015b), the eternal dominating set problem is related to the k-server problem in computer science.
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