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Erbium information


Erbium, 68Er
Erbium
Pronunciation/ˈɜːrbiəm/ (UR-bee-əm)
Appearancesilvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Er)
  • 167.259±0.003[1]
  • 167.26±0.01 (abridged)[2]
Erbium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson


Er

Fm
holmium ← erbium → thulium
Atomic number (Z)68
Groupf-block groups (no number)
Periodperiod 6
Block  f-block
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f12 6s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1802 K ​(1529 °C, ​2784 °F)
Boiling point3141 K ​(2868 °C, ​5194 °F)
Density (at 20° C)9.065 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)8.86 g/cm3
Heat of fusion19.90 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization280 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity28.12 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1504 1663 (1885) (2163) (2552) (3132)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states0,[4] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.24
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 589.3 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1150 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2194 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius189±6 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of erbium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants
Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for erbium
a = 355.93 pm
c = 558.49 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansionpoly: 12.2 µm/(m⋅K) (r.t.)
Thermal conductivity14.5 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivitypoly: 0.860 µΩ⋅m (r.t.)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic at 300 K
Molar magnetic susceptibility+44300.00×10−6 cm3/mol[5]
Young's modulus69.9 GPa
Shear modulus28.3 GPa
Bulk modulus44.4 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod2830 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.237
Vickers hardness430–700 MPa
Brinell hardness600–1070 MPa
CAS Number7440-52-0
History
Namingafter Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined
DiscoveryCarl Gustaf Mosander (1843)
Isotopes of erbium
Main isotopes[6] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
160Er synth 28.58 h ε 160Ho
162Er 0.139% stable
164Er 1.60% stable
165Er synth 10.36 h ε 165Ho
166Er 33.5% stable
167Er 22.9% stable
168Er 27.0% stable
169Er synth 9.4 d β 169Tm
170Er 14.9% stable
171Er synth 7.516 h β 171Tm
172Er synth 49.3 h β 172Tm
Erbium Category: Erbium
| references

Erbium is a chemical element; it has symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white[7] solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. It is a lanthanide, a rare-earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby, Sweden, which is the source of the element's name.

Erbium's principal uses involve its pink-colored Er3+ ions, which have optical fluorescent properties particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where Er3+ ions are optically pumped at around 980 or 1480 nm and then radiate light at 1530 nm in stimulated emission. This process results in an unusually mechanically simple laser optical amplifier for signals transmitted by fiber optics. The 1550 nm wavelength is especially important for optical communications because standard single mode optical fibers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength.

In addition to optical fiber amplifier-lasers, a large variety of medical applications (e.g. dermatology, dentistry) rely on the erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser) when lit at another wavelength, which is highly absorbed in water in tissues, making its effect very superficial. Such shallow tissue deposition of laser energy is helpful in laser surgery, and for the efficient production of steam which produces enamel ablation by common types of dental laser.

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Erbium". CIAAW. 1999.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ a b Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
  4. ^ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
  5. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  6. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  7. ^ "Erbium (Er)". American Elements: The Materials Science Company. Retrieved 2023-10-31.

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