Global InformationEnver Pasha information
İsmail Enver Pasha | |
|---|---|
 Enver Bey in 1911 | |
| Minister of War | |
| In office 3 January 1914 – 13 October 1918 | |
| Prime Minister | Mehmed Talaat Pasha Said Halim Pasha |
| Preceded by | Ahmet Izzet Pasha |
| Succeeded by | Ahmet Izzet Pasha |
| Chief of the General Staff | |
| In office 8 January 1914 – 13 October 1918 | |
| Preceded by | Mehmed Hâdî Pasha |
| Succeeded by | Ahmed Izzet Pasha |
| Deputy commander-in-chief | |
| In office 8 January 1914 – 10 August 1918 | |
| Monarchs | Mehmed V Mehmed VI |
| Chief of staff of the commander-in-chief | |
| In office 10 August 1918 – 13 October 1918 | |
| Monarch | Mehmed VI |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 23 November 1881 Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (present-day Istanbul, Turkey) |
| Died | 4 August 1922 (aged 40) Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (present-day Tajikistan) |
| Resting place | Monument of Liberty, Istanbul, Turkey 41°04′05″N 28°58′55″E / 41.06814°N 28.982041°E |
| Nationality | Turco-Albanian |
| Political party | Union and Progress Party |
| Spouse | Naciye Sultan |
| Children | Mahpeyker Hanımsultan Türkan Hanımsultan Sultanzade Ali Bey |
| Alma mater | Army War College (1903)[1] |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Ottoman Army |
| Years of service | 1903–1918 |
| Rank | Mirliva and the de facto Commander-in-Chief |
| Commands | Army of Islam Yildirim Army Group Third Army |
| Battles/wars |
|
İsmail Enver (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعیل انور پاشا; Turkish: İsmail Enver Paşa; 23 November 1881[2] – 4 August 1922), better known as Enver Pasha, was an Ottoman military officer, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal[3][4] who formed one-third of the dictatorial triumvirate known as the "Three Pashas" (along with Talaat Pasha and Cemal Pasha) in the Ottoman Empire.
While stationed in Ottoman Macedonia, Enver joined the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization affiliated with the Young Turkey movement that was agitating against Sultan Abdul Hamid II's despotic rule. He was a key leader of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution which reestablished the Constitution and parliamentary democracy in the Ottoman Empire, and along with Ahmed Niyazi was hailed as "hero of the revolution". However multiple crises in the Empire including the 31 March Incident, the Balkan Wars, and the power struggle with the Freedom and Accord Party made Enver and the Unionists disillusioned with liberal Ottomanism. After the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état that brought the CUP directly to power, Enver become War Minister, while Talaat took control over the civilian government.
As war minister and de facto Commander-in-Chief (despite his role as the de jure Deputy Commander-in-Chief, as the Sultan formally held the title), Enver was one of the most powerful figures of the government of the Ottoman Empire.[5][6][7] He led a disastrous attack on Russian forces in the Battle of Sarikamish, after which he blamed Armenians for his defeat. Along with Talaat, he was one of the principal perpetrators of the Late Ottoman Genocides[8][9][10] and thus is held responsible for the death of between 800,000 and 1,800,000[11][12][13][14] Armenians, 300,000 Assyrians and 750,000 Greeks. Following defeat in World War I, Enver, along with other leading Unionists, escaped the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Military Tribunal convicted him and other Unionists and sentenced them to death in absentia for bringing the Empire into World War I and organizing massacres against Greeks and Armenians. Enver ended up in Central Asia, where he was killed leading the Basmachi Revolt against the Bolsheviks. In 1996, his remains were reburied in Turkey and he received rehabilitation by then Turkish president Süleyman Demirel who also praised him and his contributions to Turkish nationalism.
In the course of his career he was known by increasingly elevated titles as he rose through military ranks, including Enver Efendi (انور افندی), Enver Bey (انور بك), and finally Enver Pasha, "pasha" being the honorary title Ottoman military officers gained on promotion to the rank of Mirliva (major general).
- ^ Komutanlığı, Harp Akademileri (1968), Harp Akademilerinin 120 Yılı (in Turkish), İstanbul, p. 46
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ci̇vgi̇n, Senem (28 December 2023). "Enver Paşa ve Askeri Alandaki Reform Faaliyetleri (1914-1918)". Hazine-i Evrak Arşiv ve Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 5 (5): 129–176. doi:10.59054/hed.1386081. ISSN 2687-6515.
- ^ Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina, eds. (2005). The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. Abingdon, Oxon, Oxford: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0203004930.
- ^ Andreopoulos, George J., ed. (1997). Genocide : conceptual and historical dimensions (1. paperback print. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216164.
- ^ Bourne, J. M. (2001). Who's who in World War One. London: Routledge. p. 282. ISBN 0-415-14179-6. OCLC 46785141.
- ^ Maksudyan, Nazan (25 April 2019). Ottoman children and youth during World War I (First ed.). Syracuse, New York. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8156-5473-5. OCLC 1088605265.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ New york times current history volume 9. 2012. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-236-26433-6. OCLC 935658756.
- ^ Henham, Ralph; Behrens, Paul, eds. (2009). The Criminal Law of Genocide: International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-40949591-8.
The guilty main architects of the genocide Talaat Pasaha [...] and Enver Pasha...
- ^ Freedman, Jeri (2009). The Armenian Genocide (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. ISBN 978-1-40421825-3.
Enver Pasha, Mehmet Talat, and Ahmed Djemal were the three men who headed the CUP. They ran the Ottoman administration during World War I and planned the Armenian genocide.
- ^ Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41535385-4.
The new ruling triumvirate – Minister of Internal Affairs Talat Pasha; Minister of War Enver Pasha; and Minister of Navy Jemal Pasha – quickly established a de facto dictatorship. Under the rubric of the so-called Special Organization of the CUP, they directed, this trio would plan and oversee the Armenian genocide...
- ^ Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015). Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-933420-9.
- ^ Auron, Yair (2000). The banality of indifference: Zionism & the Armenian genocide. Transaction. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7658-0881-3.
- ^ Forsythe, David P. (11 August 2009). Encyclopedia of human rights (Google Books). Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9.
- ^ Chalk, Frank Robert; Jonassohn, Kurt (10 September 1990). The history and sociology of genocide: analyses and case studies. Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide. Yale University Press. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-0-300-04446-1.