Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected by the bite or sting of a venomous animal.[1]
Many kinds of animals, including mammals (e.g., the northern short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda), reptiles (e.g., the king cobra),[2] spiders (e.g., black widows),[3] insects (e.g., wasps), and fish (e.g., stone fish) employ venom for hunting and for self-defense.
A droplet of venom on the stinger of a wasp
In particular, snakebite envenoming is considered a neglected tropical disease resulting in >100,000 deaths and maiming >400,000 people per year.[4]
^WEINSTEIN, SCOTT A.; DART, RICHARD C.; et al. (15 October 2009). "Envenomations: An Overview of Clinical Toxinology for the Primary Care Physician". American Family Physician. 80 (8): 793–802. PMID 19835341.
^Maduwage, Kalana; O'Leary, Margaret A.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2014). "Diagnosis of snake envenomation using a simple phospholipase A2 assay". Scientific Reports. 4: 4827. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E4827M. doi:10.1038/srep04827. PMC 4003729. PMID 24777205.
^GRAUDINS, A., M. J. LITTLE, S. S. PINEDA, P. G. HAINS, G. F. KING et al., 2012 Cloning and activity of a novel α-latrotoxin from red-back spider venom. Biochemical Pharmacology 83: 170–183.
^Gutiérrez, José María; Calvete, Juan J.; Habib, Abdulrazaq G.; Harrison, Robert A.; Williams, David J.; Warrell, David A. (2017-09-14). "Snakebite envenoming". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3 (1): 17063. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.63. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 28905944. S2CID 4916503.
smaller snakes. Snake envenomation events are usually classified as either predatory or defensive in nature. Defensive envenomation events result in much...
and subtropical countries", and in 2017, the WHO categorized snakebite envenomation as a Neglected Tropical Disease (Category A). The WHO also estimates...
Envenomed is the seventh studio album by Florida death metal band Malevolent Creation. The band also released a re-issue album entitled Envenomed II....
rapidly post-envenomation. In case studies of black mamba envenomation, respiratory paralysis has occurred in less than 15 minutes. Envenomation by this species...
life-threatening symptoms following envenomation. Death has been reported in as little as 30 minutes in cases of envenomation by both species. N. philippinensis...
Envenom is the eighth album by Runemagick. It was released as a limited edition of 1,000 hand-numbered digipaks only in 2005 through Aftermath Music....
current. These symptoms may become visible 4 to 7 minutes after envenomation. Envenomation of a human by a scorpion may affect the sympathetic or parasympathetic...
condition and those who are allergic) are at much greater risk. Any envenomation runs the risk of anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening allergic...
PMID 15999868. Fenner P (2000). "Marine envenomation: An update – A presentation on the current status of marine envenomation first aid and medical treatments"...
the closest hospital nearly 50 minutes after envenomation (death occurred 45–50 minutes post envenomation). Local necrosis was described after cobra bites...
or minimal envenomation occurred. A lack of edema or erythema in the area of the bite after eight hours indicates a lack of envenomation for most rattlesnake...
September 2007. Vetter, R.S.; Edwards, G.B.; James, L.F. (2004). "Reports of envenomation by brown recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) outnumber verifications...
Sudden, early collapse is often a symptom of envenomation by them. A prominent effect of envenomation is venom-induced consumption coagulopathy, which...
fulvius is a potent neurotoxin with a median LD50 of 1.3 mg/kg SC. Envenomation causes rapid paralysis and respiratory failure in prey. In humans, symptoms...
Bothrops lanceolatus — known as the fer-de-lance, Martinican pit viper, and Martinique lancehead — is a species of pit viper endemic to the Caribbean island...
effects, including painful erections, occur with moderate envenomation. With severe envenomation heart and lung failure can result in death. In addition...
bites that are of importance. For a bite to be significant, substantial envenomation is required. Bites from the widow spiders involve a neurotoxic venom...
the snake into performing a series of rapid strikes, leading to severe envenomation. The size of the black mamba and its ability to raise its head a large...
common, but there have been fatalities. Lonomia is a frequent cause of envenomation in humans in Brazil, with 354 cases reported between 1989 and 2005. Lethality...
first report in 1883, but most encounters appear to result only in mild envenomation. Among 225 analyzed C. fleckeri stings in Australia's Top End from 1991...
reported in clinical studies; most victims are children. Symptoms of envenomation by this species include: Severe local pain Vomiting Sweating Priapism...
jellyfish envenomation than snakebite; however, when considering the number of fatal cases, snakebite is the most serious type of envenoming. Australia...
Scorpionism is defined as the accidental envenomation of humans by toxic scorpions. If the injection of venom in a human results in death, this is defined...
striking at a considerable range and height, sometimes sustaining a bite. Envenomation from this species is medically significant and may result in a rapid...
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