Entoprocta/ɛntoʊˈprɒktə/ (lit.'inside rectum/anus'), or Kamptozoa/kæm(p)təˈzoʊə/, is a phylum of mostly sessile aquatic animals, ranging from 0.1 to 7 millimetres (0.004 to 0.3 in) long. Mature individuals are goblet-shaped, on relatively long stalks. They have a "crown" of solid tentacles whose cilia generate water currents that draw food particles towards the mouth, and both the mouth and anus lie inside the "crown". The superficially similar Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) have the anus outside a "crown" of hollow tentacles. Most families of entoprocts are colonial, and all but 2 of the 150 species are marine. A few solitary species can move slowly.
Some species eject unfertilized ova into the water, while others keep their ova in brood chambers until they hatch, and some of these species use placenta-like organs to nourish the developing eggs. After hatching, the larvae swim for a short time and then settle on a surface. There they metamorphose, and the larval gut rotates by up to 180°, so that the mouth and anus face upwards. Both colonial and solitary species also reproduce by cloning — solitary species grow clones in the space between the tentacles and then release them when developed, while colonial ones produce new members from the stalks or from corridor-like stolons.
Fossils of entoprocts are very rare, and the earliest specimens that have been identified with confidence date from the Late Jurassic. Most studies from 1996 onwards have regarded entoprocts as members of the Trochozoa, which also includes molluscs and annelids. However, a study in 2008 concluded that entoprocts are closely related to bryozoans.
^Zhang, Zhifei; et al. (January 2013). "A sclerite-bearing stem group entoproct from the early Cambrian and its implications". Scientific Reports. 3: 1066. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E1066Z. doi:10.1038/srep01066. PMC 3548229. PMID 23336066.
^Todd, J. A.; Taylor, P. D. (1992). "The first fossil entoproct". Naturwissenschaften. 79 (7): 311–314. Bibcode:1992NW.....79..311T. doi:10.1007/BF01138708. S2CID 44229586.
Entoprocta /ɛntoʊˈprɒktə/ (lit. 'inside rectum/anus'), or Kamptozoa /kæm(p)təˈzoʊə/, is a phylum of mostly sessile aquatic animals, ranging from 0.1 to...
possibilities: In the most recent research, the three phyla Cycliophora, Entoprocta and Bryozoa makes up a single clade and are the first to branch off from...
alternative phylogeny was given in 2019, with a basal grouping Mollusca with Entoprocta grouping named Tetraneuralia, and a second grouping of Nemertea with Platyhelminthes...
Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214...
arrow worms. Other phyla include Acoelomorpha, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Entoprocta, Phoronida, and Xenoturbellida. Invertebrates can be classified into several...
Alucita entoprocta is a species of moth of the family Alucitidae. It is known from Tanzania. Wikispecies has information related to Alucita entoprocta. "Afro...
The Kryptotrochozoa (incl. Entoprocta + Ectoprocta) are a proposed Lophotrochozoa clade. It consists of the Nemertea and Lophophorata. It is controversial...
alternative phylogeny was given in 2019, with a basal grouping of Mollusca and Entoprocta named Tetraneuralia, and a second grouping of Nemertea and Platyhelminthes...
Scalidophora Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida In addition, Cycliophora, Entoprocta and Tardigrada are sometimes included. Winnepenninckx B, Backeljau T,...
it is placed in the clade Polyzoa along with the phyla Ectoprocta and Entoprocta, based on genetic analysis. Symbion pandora has a bilateral, sac-like...
noted to be very different internally. The new group was given the name "Entoprocta", while the original Bryozoa were called "Ectoprocta". Disagreements about...
Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214...
Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214...
This is a list of fossils found at Maotianshan Shales, whose most famous assemblage of organisms are referred to as the Chengjiang biota. 80 species, not...
ISSN 1063-5157. Nielsen, C. (July 2002). "The Phylogenetic Position of Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda". Integrative and Comparative...
Retrieved 16 November 2009. Nielsen, C (2002). "The Phylogenetic Position of Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda". Integrative and Comparative...
proposed clade of spiralian bilaterians uniting the phyla Mollusca and Entoprocta. belonging to Lophotrochozoa that groups mollusks, entoprocts and the...
Reinhardt Kristensen (1995). "Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta". Nature. 378 (6558): 711–714. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..711F...
Order Melicerititida † Order Rhabdomesida † Order Trepostomatida † Phylum Entoprocta No classes, no orders, families Barentsiidae, Loxokalypodidae, Loxosomatidae...
Walker, J.C.; Anderson, D.T. (1998). "The Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Entoprocta and Gnathostomulida". In D.T. Anderson (ed.). Invertebrate Zoology (1 ed...
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