1884 tornado outbreak in the southern and eastern United States
Preview warning: This article seems to be about a tornado outbreak. If this infobox only covers the outbreak itself, please use the |duration= parameter from the infobox header or from another 'History' box instead.
Enigma tornado outbreak
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes
~60±
Maximum rating
F4 tornado
Duration
February 19–20, 1884
Largest hail
5 in (13 cm)
Overall effects
Fatalities
≥ ~180 (unofficial estimates of 800–1,200)
Injuries
≥ 1,056
Damage
$3–4 million ($101,730,000–135,640,000 in 2024 USD)
Areas affected
Southeastern United States
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1884
On February 19–20, 1884, one of the largest and most widespread tornado outbreaks in American history occurred over the Southeastern United States, known as the Enigma tornado outbreak due to the uncertain number of total tornadoes and fatalities. Nonetheless, an inspection of newspaper reports and governmental studies published in the aftermath reveals successive, long-tracked tornado families striking Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia, with an estimation of at least 51—and possibly 60 or more—tornadoes.
The majority of reported tornado activity was seen across Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, which were all struck severely by multiple waves of tornado families. In the Southeast, the outbreak began during the late morning in Mississippi, preceded by severe thunderstorms in Louisiana. Shortly thereafter, the outbreak widened and intensified, progressing from Alabama to Virginia between noon and midnight. The outbreak also produced the deadliest individual tornado in North Carolina history, an F4 which swept through the Rockingham area, killing 23.[nb 1][nb 2][nb 3]
^Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)(PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
^Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
^Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
^Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^"Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^"The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
^Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).
and 24 Related for: Enigma tornado outbreak information
most widespread tornadooutbreaks in American history occurred over the Southeastern United States, known as the Enigmatornadooutbreak due to the uncertain...
meteorologist and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis created the outbreak intensity score (OIS) as a way to rank tornadooutbreaks. For the score, only...
tornadoes and tornadooutbreaks List of Canadian tornadoes and tornadooutbreaks (before 2001) List of Canadian tornadoes and tornadooutbreaks (since 2001)...
These are some notable tornadoes, tornadooutbreaks, and tornadooutbreak sequences that have occurred in North America. The listing is U.S.-centric, with...
have caused F4 damage. List of North American tornadoes and tornadooutbreaks List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes The winds estimated by the Fujita Scale are estimated...
"The EnigmaOutbreak: On This Date in 1884". Alabama Weather Blog. February 19, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2022. "Ozark-Marshfield, MO F3 Tornado – February...
Notorious outbreaks affecting the region include: the Great Natchez Tornado, the 1884 Enigmatornadooutbreak, the April 1924 tornadooutbreak, the 1932...
Carolinas tornadooutbreak of March 28, 1984, was the most destructive tornadooutbreak to sweep through the two states since another tornadooutbreak struck...
1924, an outbreak of at least 28 tornadoes—26 of which were significant, meaning F2 or stronger—affected the Southern United States. The tornadoes left 114 dead...
during the 1884 Enigmaoutbreak: Concord and Cary. Downtown Concord was struck a second time by a tornado in May 1936. The 1987 Edmonton Tornado is likewise...
This page documents the tornadoes and tornadooutbreaks of 1984, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events...
This page documents the tornadoes and tornadooutbreaks of 1971, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events...
moderate outbreak at the beginning of the month, January was quiet with 27 tornadoes touching down, which was slightly below average. Tornado activity...
National Geographic 12 September Britain's Tornado, an Equinox Special about the 2005 Birmingham tornado 27 December The Year the Earth Went Wild, about...
173. Ribeiro De Meneses, Filipe (2013). Salazar: A Political Biography. Enigma Books. pp. 584–585. "Sukarno Seizes Foreign Firms". Los Angeles Times. AP...
Accidents Archives. Marut, Alex (17 October 2020). "Het enigma rond Max Wenner" [The enigma surrounding Max Victor Wenner] (PDF). taskforceliberty.be...
cryptologists Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki broke the Enigma machine code. Alan Turing, Gordon Welchman and Harold Keen worked together...
which struck Central America in October 1998, the destructive Oklahoma tornadooutbreak in May 1999, the August 1999 İzmit earthquake in Turkey, and the September...
The Ultra secret: the inside story of Operation Ultra, Bletchley Park and Enigma, the first popular account of cryptography carried out at Bletchley Park...
Zero and reinforces the Enigma Cannon and Space Shuttle with parts they gather from the Mavericks. During the Nightmare outbreak in X6, Douglas helps X...
Marie Roget". Despite intense media interest and an attempt to solve the enigma by Poe, the crime remains one of the most puzzling unsolved murders of New...
Army included Ironfist the Avenger and the Man. After Morgaine le Fey and Enigma supplanted the role of Wonder Woman and Batman, respectively, they formed...
Global Information