321.322 (necked box lute) (Chordophone with permanently attached resonator and neck, sounded by a plectrum)
Developed
18th century
Related instruments
List
Modern descendants
Corsican Cetera
Portuguese guitar
Waldzither
Bowed
Crwth
Guitar fiddle
Rebec
Vielle
Plucked
Cetra
Cithara
Cittern
Cythara
Gittern
Guitar
Guitarra latina
The English guitar or guittar (also citra) is a stringed instrument – a type of cittern – popular in many places in Europe from around 1750–1850. It is unknown when the identifier "English" became connected to the instrument: at the time of its introduction to Great Britain, and during its period of popularity, it was apparently simply known as guitar or guittar. The instrument was also known in Norway as a guitarre and France as cistre or guitarre allemande (German guitar). There are many examples in Norwegian museums, like the Norsk Folkemuseum and in British ones, including the Victoria and Albert Museum. The English guitar has a pear-shaped body, a flat base, and a short neck. The instrument is also related to the Portuguese guitar and the German waldzither.
Early examples had tuning pegs (similar to a violin or lute), but many museum examples have what are commonly referred to now as Preston tuners, an innovation that appears closely linked with the instrument. In the 1760s J.N. Preston of London invented watch-key tuning, which was better suited to the instrument’s short metal strings than the original peg tuning. Dublin-made instruments of the 1760s often use the worm-gear tuning later adopted by the Spanish guitar.
The English guitar's popularity reflected the desire of the wealthy class to play a simple musical instrument. Burney recounted (in ‘Guitarra’, Rees's Cyclopaedia, 1802–19) how its vogue about 1765 was so great among all ranks of people as nearly to ruin the harpsichord makers; but Jacob Kirkman retrieved the situation by giving cheap guitars to milliner girls and street ballad singers, thereby shaming the richer ladies into returning to the harpsichord.[1]
^Spencer, Robert; Harwood, Ian (2001). "English guitar". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08823. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
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